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People who previously were infested are sensitized and develop symptoms 1 to 4 days after repeated publicity to the mite; nonetheless generic ritonavir 250mg with mastercard medicine 2000, these reinfestations often are milder than the unique episode order ritonavir australia symptoms 5 months pregnant. Mineral oil ritonavir 250mg sale treatment 5th metatarsal stress fracture, microscope immersion oil discount generic ritonavir canada medications zanaflex, or water applied to pores and skin facilitates collection of scrapings. Scrapings and oil could be positioned on a slide under a glass coverslip and examined microscopically under low power. Most specialists suggest beginning with topical 5% permethrin cream because the drug of choice, significantly for infants, young youngsters (not accredited for kids youthful than 2 months of age), and pregnant or nursing women. Infested youngsters and adults ought to apply lotion or cream containing this scabicide over their complete physique below the head. Because scabies can have an effect on the face, scalp, and neck in infants and young youngsters, therapy of the complete head, neck, and physique in this age group is required. Special atten tion should be given to trimming fngernails and guaranteeing application of medicine to those areas. A Cochrane evaluation found that ivermectin is efficient for treating sca bies however much less efficient than topical permethrin. The security of ivermectin in youngsters weighing less than 15 kg (33 lb) has not been determined (see Drugs for Parasitic Infections, p 848). Alternative drugs are precipitated sulfur compounded into petrolatum or 10% crotamiton cream or lotion. Because scabietic lesions are the results of a hypersensitivity reaction to the mite, itching may not subside for a number of weeks regardless of successful therapy. The use of oral antihistamines and topical corticosteroids might help relieve this itching. Topical or systemic antimicrobial remedy is indicated for secondary bacterial infections of the excoriated lesions. Manifestations of scabies infestation can seem as late as 2 months after publicity, during which era patients can transmit scabies. All household members should be handled on the similar time to prevent reinfestation. Bedding and clothing worn subsequent to the pores and skin during the 3 days earlier than initiation of remedy should be laundered in a washer with scorching water and dried utilizing a scorching cycle. Thorough vacuum ing of environmental surfaces is recommended after use of a room by a affected person with crusted scabies. After penetration, the organism enters the bloodstream, migrates via the lungs, and finally migrates to the venous plexus that drains the intestines or (in the case of Schistosoma haematobium) the bladder, the place the adult worms reside. Four to eight weeks after publicity, an acute illness (Katayama fever) can develop that manifests as fever, malaise, cough, rash, abdominal ache, hepatospleno megaly, diarrhea, nausea, lymphadenopathy, and eosinophilia. The severity of symp toms related to persistent illness is related to the worm burden. People with low to average worm burdens may by no means develop overt medical illness or may develop milder manifestations, such as anemia. Higher worm burdens can have a variety of symptoms caused primarily by infammation and fbrosis triggered by the immune response to eggs produced by adult worms. Severe types of intestinal schistosomiasis (Schistosoma mansoni and Schistosoma japonicum infections) may end up in hepatosplenomegaly, abdominal ache, bloody diarrhea, portal hypertension, ascites, and esophageal varices and hematemesis. Urinary schistosomiasis (S haematobium infections) may end up in the bladder turning into infamed and fbrotic. Symptoms and indicators include dysuria, urgency, terminal microscopic and gross hematuria, secondary urinary tract infections, hydronephrosis, and nonspecifc pelvic ache. S haematobium also is related to lesions of the lower genital tract (vulva, vagina, and cervix) in women, hematospermia in males, and sure types of bladder most cancers. Other organ systems could be concerned�for example, eggs can embolize to the lungs, causing pulmonary hypertension. Less commonly, eggs can localize to the central nervous system, notably the spinal cord in S mansoni or S haematobium infections and the brain in S japonicum an infection, causing neurologic issues. Manifestations include pruritus on the penetration website a number of hours after water publicity, adopted in 5 to 14 days by an intermittent pruritic, typically pap ular, eruption. In previously sensitized people, more intense papular eruptions may happen for 7 to 10 days after publicity. Eggs excreted in stool (S mansoni, S japonicum, S mekongi, and S intercalatum) or urine (S haematobium) into recent water hatch into motile miracidia, which infect snails. After growth and asexual replication in snails, cercariae emerge and penetrate the pores and skin of people in contact with water. Children commonly are frst contaminated after they accompany their moms to lakes, ponds, and other open recent water sources. School-aged youngsters commonly are probably the most heavily contaminated people in the neighborhood and are important in sustaining transmission due to behaviors such as uncontrolled defecation and urination and prolonged wading and swimming in contaminated waters. Communicability lasts so long as contaminated snails are in the environment or reside eggs are excreted in the urine and feces of people into recent water sources with appropriate snails. In the case of S japonicum, animals play an important zoonotic position (as a source of eggs) in sustaining the life cycle. The distribution of schistosomiasis typically is focal, limited by the presence of appro priate snail vectors, contaminated human reservoirs, and recent water sources. S mansoni happens throughout tropical Africa, in elements of a number of Caribbean islands, and in areas of Venezuela, Brazil, Suriname, and the Arabian Peninsula. Swimmers itch can happen in all regions of the world after publicity to recent water, brackish water, or salt water. The incubation period is variable however is roughly 4 to 6 weeks for S japonicum, 6 to eight weeks for S mansoni, and 10 to 12 weeks for S haematobium.

Patients should obtain acceptable pain treatment based mostly on a cautious consideration of the benefts and dangers of treatment options buy 250 mg ritonavir otc treatment pink eye. In treating continual pain purchase ritonavir 250 mg on-line medicine hat horse, suppliers should proceed to use their scientific judgment and base their treatment on what they find out about their sufferers buy ritonavir 250mg online treatment for pneumonia. Clinicians should empathically evaluate benefts and dangers of continued high dosage opioid therapy and should ofer to work with the patient to taper opioids to safer dosages purchase genuine ritonavir line medications qid. For sufferers who agree to taper opioids to decrease dosages, clinicians should collaborate with the patient on a tapering plan. Association between opioid prescribing patterns and opioid overdose-related deaths. Risk components for severe prescription opioid-related toxicity or overdose amongst Veterans Health Administration sufferers. Examples of prescription refll or renewal insurance policies are: limiting supply to twenty-eight days; not permitting early reflls; and requiring three enterprise days advance notice for reflls. Policy for frequency of monitoring sufferers on lengthy-term opioid therapy Because most threat-evaluation devices are unable to foretell future habits with a high diploma of accuracy,eight a universal precautions approach to all sufferers on lengthy-term opioid therapy is acceptable. That is, opioid use by all sufferers on lengthy-term therapy must be monitored periodically. The frequency and depth of monitoring particular person sufferers, nonetheless, must be larger for many who are taking high dosages of opioids, who have other conditions that put them at larger threat. Screens for presence of medicine or a panel of medicine: amphetamine, Identifes specifc drugs and their metabolites. More accurate for semi-synthetic and synthetic opioids�methadone, propoxyphene, fentanyl, meperidine, hydrocodone, oxycodone, hydromorphone, oxymorphone, buprenorphine, heroin. Will present false positives: poppy seeds, quinolone antibiotics, Very specifc, much less cross-reactivity, minimizes false positives. Source: Adapted from Urine Drug Testing in the Management of Chronic Pain, at. Using well being data expertise to enhance adherence to opioid prescribing pointers in main care. Registries are used to establish sufferers to target for specifc interventions�in this case, for administration and coordination of lengthy-term opioid therapy. They are additionally used to generate high quality measures and to monitor progress on the provider and tip follow ranges. Consider: Registry fl A registry of sufferers on lengthy-term opioid therapy to measure progress It is necessary to not just towards follow goals and to support suppliers in managing their panel develop a registry as data for of sufferers on lengthy-term opioid therapy. How do physicians undertake and apply opioid prescription pointers in the emergency departmentfl Clinical Guidelines for the Use of Chronic Opioid Therapy in Chronic Noncancer Pain. Association between opioid prescribing patterns and opioid overdose-related deaths. Risk components for severe prescription opioid-related toxicity or overdose amongst Veterans Health Administration sufferers. Using well being data expertise to enhance adherence to opioid prescribing pointers in main care. The measures had been refined based mostly on a number of levels of external stakeholder suggestions performed beneath contract to Abt Associates (Contract No. The stakeholders offered particular person input through a survey, interviews, and discussion. The stakeholders evaluated each measure on six dimensions (significance, face-validity, timeliness, acceptability, usability, feasibility) and offered an general rating utilizing a fve-point Likert scale. They then selected the ten measures most wanted for bettering opioid safety, and of those, the fve easiest to produce. The data supply for some measures could require systems to create a structured feld, whether or not through a observe template, checkbox, registry, or different means in which clinicians or staf can attest to having completed a activity that would otherwise not be captured. As data and systems evolve, there may be opportunities to use further data from these systems. The follow stage methods for care coordination that had been developed based mostly on the above sources are: fl Use an interdisciplinary staff-based mostly approach � Using a staff-based mostly approach throughout a number of disciplines and specialties improves the administration and coordination of care. Description the share of sufferers with a new opioid prescription for an instantaneous-launch opioid. The variety of sufferers with a prescription for an instantaneous-launch opioid only, and no concurrent Numerator prescription for an extended-launch or lengthy-appearing opioid. Denominator the variety of sufferers in an outpatient panel of sufferers 18 years of age or older prescribed an opioid who had no opioid prescription in the earlier 45 days. Note: figuring out finish-of-life care sufferers may be troublesome to systematically capture; palliative care may be a adequate proxy for finish-of-life care. Additional exclusion criteria are: (1) drugs not typically used in outpatient settings, such as cough and chilly formulations including elixirs, and mixture products containing antitussives, decongestants, antihistamines, and expectorants; (2) all different prescribed opioids not included on this record of commonly prescribed opioids:. They should also assess whether or not using a number of prescribers and/or pharmacies suggests uncoordinated or insufficiently coordinated care. Note: figuring out finish-of-life care sufferers may be troublesome to systematically capture; palliative care may be a adequate proxy for finish-of-life care. Additional exclusion criteria are: (1) drugs not typically used in outpatient settings, such as cough and chilly formulations including elixirs, and mixture products containing antitussives, decongestants, antihistamines, and expectorants; (2) all different prescribed opioids not included on this record of commonly prescribed opioids:.

Smithsonian Institution cheap ritonavir 250mg on-line symptoms 22 weeks pregnant, National Museum of Natural History discount ritonavir line in treatment 1-3, Department of Botany quality 250mg ritonavir medications such as seasonale are designed to, Washington cheap ritonavir 250mg on line symptoms liver disease, D. Chanmahasathien W, Li Y, Satake M, Oshima Y, Ishibashi M, Ruangrungsi N, Ohizumi Y (2003) Prenylated xanthones from Garcinia xanthochymus. Choochote W, Tuetun B, Kanjanapothi D, Rattanachanpichai E, Chaithong U, Chaiwong P, Jitpakdi A, Tippawangkosol P, Riyong D, Pitasawat B (2004) Potential of crude seed extract of celery, Apium graveolens L. Chumkaew P, Kato S, Chantrapromma K (2006) Potent cytotoxic rocaglamide derivatives from the fruits of Amoora cucullata. African Journal of Traditional, Complementary, and Alterna tive Medicines 4(3): 306�312. Kanchanapoom T, Kasai R, Yamasaki K (2002) Phenolic glycosides from Markhamia stipulata. Kham L (2004) Medicinal Plants of Cambodia: Habitat, Chemical Constituents and Ethnobo tanical Uses. Mounce R, Smith P, Brockington S (2017) Ex situ conservation of plant variety within the worlds botanic gardens. Krupnick / PhytoKeys 102: 1�341 (2018) Mya Bwin D, Sein Gwan U (1967) Burmese Indigenous Medicinal Plants, 1. Mya Bwin D, Sein Gwan U (1973) Burmese Indigenous Medicinal Plants, 2: Plants with Re puted Hypotensive and Hypertensive Action. NatureServe (2017) NatureServe Explorer: An online encyclopedia of life [web software]. Neptune-Rouzier M (1997) Plantes Medicinales dHaiti: Description, Usages et Proprieties. Nualkaew S, Rattanamanee K, Tongpraditchote S, Wongkrajang Y, Nahrstedt A (2009) An ti-infammatory, analgesic and wound therapeutic actions of the leaves of Memecylon ed ule Roxb. Krupnick / PhytoKeys 102: 1�341 (2018) Phyllodium pulchellum Monochoria vaginalis Hibiscus sabdarifa baing-daung beddome bimli jute Rhizophora mucronata Terminalia tomentosa Hibiscus cannabinus ball tree beeda khutdai bimlipatum jute Aegle marmelos Senna alata Hibiscus cannabinus balloon vine beefwood birds nest Cardiospermum halicacabum Casuarina equisetifolia Daucus carota balsam-apple begars-tick bishops weed Momordica charantia Tadehagi triquetrum Trachyspermum ammi balsam-pear begyo bishops wood Momordica charantia Rotheca serrata Bischofa javanica baluma-shaw bein-hpo bi-thawar Kydia calycina Jatropha multifda Linum usitatissimum balu-wah bein-nwe bitter aloe Abelmoschus moschatus Hiptage benghalensis Aloe vera bamachet bein-sa bitter cucumber Cratoxylum formosum Mitragyna speciosa Momordica charantia bambwe bela tree bitter gourd Careya arborea Aegle marmelos Momordica charantia ban bell bush bitter melon Boehmeria nivea Brugmansia suaveolens Momordica charantia banda bell pepper bitter orange Terminalia catappa Capsicum annuum Citrus fl aurantium Barbados fower belleric bitter stick Caesalpinia pulcherrima Terminalia bellirica Swertia chirayita Barbados nut bellyache bush bitterwood Jatropha curcas Jatropha gossypiifolia Quassia indica bar-kyaw pin Ben nut bittu bark Plantago major Moringa oleifera Eurycoma longifolia barleria Bengal arum bizat Barleria prionitis Typhonium trilobatum Chromolaena odorata bastard indigo Bengal quince black chuglam Tephrosia purpurea Aegle marmelos Terminalia citrina bastard jute beng-kong black creeper Hibiscus cannabinus Tamarindus indica Ichnocarpus frutescens bastard sandalwood Benjamin tree black cumin Mansonia gagei Ficus benjamina Nigella sativa bastard-teak ber-hrum black cutch Butea monosperma Glycine max Acacia catechu baw-sagaing betel black oil plant Leucaena leucocephala Piper betle Celastrus paniculatus bawzagaing betel pepper black pepper Leucaena leucocephala Piper betle Piper nigrum seashore morning glory betel vine black plum Ipomoea pes-caprae Piper betle Premna mollissima bead tree bezat Syzygium cumini Adenanthera pavonina Chromolaena odorata blackberry tree beautyberry bhang Vitex glabrata Callicarpa macrophylla Cannabis sativa black-eyed Susan vine bebya bicolor Persian violet Tunbergia erecta Rotheca serrata Exacum tetragonum bleeding-coronary heart vine beda bilat-chinbaung Clerodendrum thomsoniae The medicinal crops of Myanmar 271 blimbing Plantago major Cupressus goveniana Averrhoa carambola bu camels foot tree blood fower Piper betle Bauhinia purpurea Asclepias curassavica buckwheat camphor blue aloe Fagopyrum esculentum Cinnamomum camphora Agave vera-cruz budatharana camphor tree blue fountain bush Canna indica Cinnamomum camphora Rotheca serrata budi-nan cananga blue gum Mentha arvensis Cananga odorata Eucalyptus globulus bur mallow candle bush blue pea Urena lobata Senna alata Clitoria ternatea Burma linseed canna bluebird vine Hygrophila phlomoides Canna indica Verbena ofcinalis Burmese ironwood cannonball mangrove bo tree Xylia xylocarpa Xylocarpus granatum Ficus religiosa Burmese storax canone casaun boat lily Altingia excelsa Allium cepa Tradescantia spathacea burrbush Canton ginger bodhi nyaung Triumfetta rhomboidea Zingiber ofcinale Ficus religiosa burrfower tree cape gooseberry bok-pyin Neolamarckia cadamba Physalis peruviana Diospyros malabarica buru caper bush boktaung Piper betle Capparis favicans Persicaria chinensis bush clock-vine capoc Pteridium aquilinum Tunbergia erecta Ceiba pentandra bombax buttefy-weed carallia Bombax ceiba Chromolaena odorata Carallia brachiata Bombay hemp butterfy pea caramba Hibiscus cannabinus Clitoria ternatea Averrhoa carambola bomma-yaza butterfy tree carambola Rauvolfa serpentina Bauhinia purpurea Averrhoa carambola bommayazar butterfy weed caravalla Rauvolfa serpentina Asclepias curassavica Cleome gynandra Bonavista bean butterweed carrizo Lablab purpureus Senecio densiforus Phragmites karka bonmathane-payoke bwe-baung cart-track-plant Blumea balsamifera Spondias pinnata Plantago major boundary mark byin-gale casauboh Cordyline fruticosa Memecylon edule Croton persimilis brake byu-chidauk casaun-phet-tine Pteridium aquilinum Rhizophora mucronata Allium sativum braken cabbage cashew nut Pteridium aquilinum Brassica oleracea Anacardium occidentale brank cadamba cassie Fagopyrum esculentum Neolamarckia cadamba Acacia farnesiana Brazilian tea Caesar weed castor bean Stachytarpheta indica Urena lobata Ricinus communis bread fower cajeput castor oil plant Vallaris solanacea Melaleuca cajuputi Ricinus communis bridal couch tree calamus casuarina Hymenodictyon orixense Acorus calamus Casuarina equisetifolia broad-leaved plantain California cypress cats whiskers 272 Robert A. Krupnick / PhytoKeys 102: 1�341 (2018) Orthosiphon aristatus Manilkara zapota Garuga pinnata catbrier hen eyes chirauli nut Smilax aspera Abrus precatorius Buchanania lancifolia catechu chicle tree Chittagong wood Acacia catechu Manilkara zapota Chukrasia tabularis cayenne pepper chili pepper chloranthus Capsicum annuum Capsicum annuum Chloranthus elatior ceiba China grass chota aura Ceiba pentandra Boehmeria nivea Chamaecrista pumila celery chin-baung-gyi chyahkya Apium graveolens Hibiscus cannabinus Phyllanthus emblica Ceylon caper chin-baung-kha chyamka Capparis zeylanica Hibiscus cannabinus Magnolia champaca Ceylon cinnamon chinbaung-ni chy-inbawngla Cinnamomum tamala Hibiscus sabdarifa Zanthoxylum acanthopodium Ceylon citronella chin-bong chying-hkrang-ahpraw Cymbopogon nardus Hibiscus sabdarifa Sinapis alba Ceylon hydrolea chinebaune chying-htawng-la Hydrolea zeylanica Hibiscus sabdarifa Colebrookea oppositifolia Ceylon ironwood Chinese banyan chying-ma Mesua ferrea Ficus retusa Rhus chinensis Ceylon leadwort Chinese bitter-cucumber cinnamon Plumbago zeylanica Momordica cochinchinensis Cinnamomum verum Ceylon oak Chinese box tree citrine myrobalan Schleichera oleosa Limonia acidissima Terminalia citrina Ceylon rosewood Chinese date citronella Albizia odoratissima Ziziphus jujuba Cymbopogon nardus cha li shu Chinese elder citronella grass Anneslea fragrans Sambucus javanica Cymbopogon citratus chang zi ma quia Chinese guger tree Cymbopogon nardus Strychnos wallichiana Schima wallichii clammy cherry cha-om Chinese honeysuckle Cordia myxa Acacia pennata Combretum indicum claoxylon chaulmoogra Chinese ixora Claoxylon indicum Hydnocarpus kurzii Ixora chinensis clausena chay-ahkya Chinese jujube Clausena excavata Phyllanthus emblica Ziziphus jujuba clearing nut tree chaya-kaya Chinese knotweed Strychnos potatorum Aphanamixis polystachya Persicaria chinensis Swertia chirayita chayar pin Chinese mustard climbing lily Mimusops elengi Sinapis alba Gloriosa superba chay-thee pin Chinese parsley climbing ylang-ylang Semecarpus anacardium Coriandrum sativum Artabotrys hexapetalus che Chinese silk plant clove Semecarpus anacardium Boehmeria nivea Syzygium aromaticum cheerojee-oil plant Chinese smartweed clove tree Buchanania lancifolia Persicaria chinensis Syzygium aromaticum chek-awn Chinese waterspinach clustered fshtail palm Abrus precatorius Ipomoea aquatica Caryota mitis cherry tomato Chinese-cucumber cobra plant Physalis peruviana Momordica cochinchinensis Amorphophallus paeoniifolius chewing gum tree chinyok cobras safron The medicinal crops of Myanmar 273 Mesua ferrea corn curlytop smartweed cocks comb Zea mays Persicaria pulchra Celosia argentea cotton tree custard apple cocklebur Gossypium hirsutum Annona squamosa Agrimonia eupatoria nation fg cutch cofee Ficus hispida Acacia catechu Cofea arabica nation gooseberry cycad common allamanda Averrhoa carambola Cycas rumphii Allamanda cathartica cow soapwort cynometra common buckwheat Vaccaria hispanica Cynometra ramifora Fagopyrum esculentum cowcockle da-ma-nge common cowitch Vaccaria hispanica Spatholobus parviforus Mucuna pruriens cowhage dana-thuka common emetic nut Mucuna pruriens Scoparia dulcis Catunaregam spinosa cowherb dancing daisy common foxglove Vaccaria hispanica Tanacetum cinerariifolium Digitalis purpurea cowitch dandagu common ginger Mucuna pruriens Dracaena angustifolia Zingiber ofcinale crab eyes dan-da-lun common ironwood Abrus precatorius Moringa oleifera Casuarina equisetifolia crape gardenia danghkyam kaba common jujube Tabernaemontana divaricata Holarrhena pubescens Ziziphus jujuba crape jasmine danghkyam-kaii common plantain Tabernaemontana divaricata Wrightia arborea Plantago major creat dangkyam common purslane Andrographis paniculata Holarrhena pubescens Portulaca oleracea creeper dangywe common reed Trichosanthes tricuspidata Senna italica Phragmites karka crepe ginger Senna tora common sage Cheilocostus speciosus dan-la-ku Salvia ofcinalis crested cocks comb Dracaena angustifolia common sesban Celosia argentea dantalet Sesbania sesban creyat root Dracaena angustifolia congo-jute Andrographis paniculata dant-kywei Urena lobata crot-kyeei Senna tora copperleaf Carica papaya danyin Acalypha indica croton Archidendron jiringa Acalypha wilkesiana Croton persimilis dap coral bush crown fower Terminalia tomentosa Jatropha multifda Calotropis gigantea dar-na-thu-kha coral jasmine cubeb pepper Scoparia dulcis Nyctanthes arbor-tristis Piper cubeba dasheen coral pea cucha cara Colocasia antiquorum Adenanthera pavonina Elephantopus scaber dauk-yut coral wood cucumber Symplocos racemosa Adenanthera pavonina Cucumis sativus daung-satpya cordate monochoria cultivated celery Callicarpa macrophylla Monochoria vaginalis Apium graveolens daung-sok coriander curltop ladysthumb Caesalpinia pulcherrima Coriandrum sativum Persicaria pulchra daungyan corn mint curlytop knotweed Garcinia xanthochymus Mentha arvensis Persicaria pulchra dawe-hmaing-nwe 274 Robert A. Krupnick / PhytoKeys 102: 1�341 (2018) Combretum indicum Archidendron jiringa Dactyloctenium aegyptium daw-hke dogtail Egyptian rattlepod Clausena excavata Buddleja asiatica Sesbania sesban dawyan-ban dona-ban eik-thara Garcinia xanthochymus Artemisia dracunculus Aristolochia indica dayfower donka eik-tha-ra-muli Commelina paludosa Sandoricum koetjape Aristolochia indica Deckaner hemp downy jasmine elderberry Hibiscus cannabinus Jasminum multiforum Sambucus javanica deers foot dragons blood elephant apple Convolvulus arvensis Cordyline fruticosa Dillenia indica devil tree drooping fg Limonia acidissima Alstonia scholaris Ficus semicordata elephant yam devils claw drumstick tree Amorphophallus paeoniifolius Martynia annua Moringa oleifera elephantopus devils cotton duckweed Elephantopus scaber Abroma augustum Portulaca oleracea emblic devils horsewhip dumsa-gyaw Phyllanthus emblica Achyranthes aspera Hymenodictyon orixense emetic nut devils plague Dutchmans pipe Catunaregam spinosa Daucus carota Aristolochia tagala empress candle plant devils trumpet dwabok Senna alata Datura metel Kydia calycina emu-berry dewali-pan dwarf copperleaf Grewia polygama Tagetes erecta Alternanthera sessilis eng-si dheniaani dwarf poinciana Ziziphus jujuba Olax scandens Caesalpinia pulcherrima estragon didok-chi dwarf white bauhinia Artemisia dracunculus Dactyloctenium aegyptium Bauhinia acuminata European dill difuse hogweed dysentery bush Anethum graveolens Commicarpus chinensis Grewia polygama exile oleander digitalis eaglewood Cascabela thevetia Digitalis purpurea Aquilaria malaccensis falsa dill earth nut Grewia asiatica Anethum graveolens Arachis hypogaea false ashoka dinghkri East Indian rosebay Polyalthia longifolia Senna tora Tabernaemontana divaricata false daisy ding-kok East Indian screw tree Eclipta prostrata Spondias pinnata Helicteres isora false dogwood dita bark eclipta Sapindus saponaria Alstonia scholaris Eclipta prostrata false pareira brava divine herb eddo Cissampelos pareira Sigesbeckia orientalis Colocasia antiquorum false safron do egayit Carthamus tinctorius Entada phaseoloides Mayodendron igneum false tarragon dock-leaf smartweed egayit-ni Artemisia dracunculus Persicaria pulchra Mayodendron igneum fennel dodder eggplant Foeniculum vulgare Cuscuta refexa Solanum melongena fern asparagus dog bush Egyptian bean Asparagus flicinus Blumea balsamifera Lablab purpureus fetid passionfower dog fruit Egyptian grass Passifora foetida The medicinal crops of Myanmar 275 fever grass fritillaria Volkameria inermis Cymbopogon citratus Fritillaria cirrhosa glory tree feld bindweed gaiyin Clerodendrum thomsoniae Convolvulus arvensis Momordica charantia gmelina feld mint gale of the wind Gmelina arborea Mentha arvensis Phyllanthus niruri goats foot creeper fre plant gallow grass Ipomoea pes-caprae Plumbago indica Cannabis sativa goatweed fredragon gamone-kyet-thon-phyu Ageratum conyzoides Acalypha wilkesiana Fritillaria cirrhosa gold mohur fre-fame bush gamon-kyeethun-phyu Delonix regia Woodfordia fruticosa Fritillaria cirrhosa golden apple fsh poison climber gangala Aegle marmelos Millettia pachycarpa Cleome gynandra golden cassia fshtail palm Spermacoce hispida Senna italica Caryota mitis gangawlwe golden champak fve-leaved chaste tree Anneslea fragrans Magnolia champaca Vitex negundo garcinia golden mahogany fve-leaved yam Garcinia xanthochymus Chukrasia tabularis Dioscorea pentaphylla garden onion golden bathe tree fagroot Allium cepa Cassia fstula Acorus calamus garden purslane golden trumpet famboyant Portulaca oleracea Allamanda cathartica Delonix regia garden quinine goldenberry fame lily Volkameria inermis Physalis peruviana Gloriosa superba garden sage goldthread fame-of-the-forest Salvia ofcinalis Coptis teeta Butea monosperma gargu gon fame-of-the-woods Heynea trijuga Boehmeria nivea Ixora coccinea garlic gon-nyin fats-prime mille grains Allium sativum Entada phaseoloides Oldenlandia corymbosa garuga gooseberry tree fax Garuga pinnata Phyllanthus acidus Linum usitatissimum gau-gau goosefoot feshy spurge Mesua ferrea Chenopodium album Euphorbia antiquorum gawhgu grass nut foppers Cassia fstula Arachis hypogaea Bryophyllum pinnatum large dodder grass for-de-joja Cuscuta refexa Cannabis sativa Phyllanthus niruri large granadilla gray mangrove four oclock Passifora quadrangularis Avicennia ofcinalis Mirabilis jalapa large reed great bougainvillea fragrant padri-tree Arundo donax Bougainvillea spectabilis Stereospermum chelonoides large swallowart great plantain frangipani Dregea volubilis Plantago major Plumeria rubra large thorny bamboo larger galangal French tarragon Bambusa bambos Alpinia galanga Artemisia dracunculus ginbeik Grecian foxglove freshwater mangrove Basella alba Digitalis lanata Carallia brachiata glabrous greenbrier inexperienced champa fringed hibiscus Smilax glabra Polyalthia longifolia Hibiscus schizopetalus glory bower inexperienced ripple peacock ginger 276 Robert A. Krupnick / PhytoKeys 102: 1�341 (2018) Kaempferia elegans Agrimonia eupatoria Antiaris toxicaria inexperienced sagewart haw hkan kaju hka-shatawi Artemisia dracunculus Solanum anguivi Bischofa javanica greenbrier ha-yung hko-ma-awn Smilax aspera Croton persimilis Mucuna pruriens ground cherry hearts pea hko-mak-awa Physalis peruviana Cardiospermum halicacabum Mucuna pruriens groundnut coronary heart-leaved moonseed hkum-bang-pan Arachis hypogaea Tinospora cordifolia Cymbopogon citratus guava coronary heart-seed hla brairot Psidium guajava Cardiospermum halicacabum Justicia adhatoda guaymochil hedge euphorbia hla cawi bactine Pithecellobium dulce Euphorbia neriifolia Coccinia grandis visitor tree heynea hla ponyork Kleinhovia hospita Walsura pinnata Morinda angustifolia gum-arabic hibiscus burr hla pruckkha Acacia nilotica Urena lobata Acacia concinna gumhar hello-ga-yone hla-crote kyee Gmelina arborea Mimosa pudica Carica papaya gum-lac hill glory bower hlahnip chai Schleichera oleosa Clerodendrum infortunatum Centella asiatica gumma Himalayan nettle hla-kanin kyam Leucas cephalotes Girardinia diversifolia Ipomoea alba guntgaw Himalayan wild cherry hla-parite-baikayah Mesua ferrea Prunus cerasoides Citrus limon gwe Hindu datura hla-pruck-hka-hnoke Spondias pinnata Datura metel Acacia pennata gwedauk-nwe hingala hle-kanan Dregea volubilis Cleome gynandra Bridelia retusa gwi-lakajawng hingalar hmaing Girardinia diversifolia Oldenlandia corymbosa Dodonaea viscosa gwin-nge hing-hold hmam-gyi Mucuna pruriens Acacia concinna Sesamum indicum gyee baitwine hingut-pho hmandaw Trachyspermum ammi Stereospermum colais Garcinia xanthochymus gyin hingut-po hman-phyu Zingiber ofcinale Stereospermum colais Tamilnadia uliginosa gyo hin-nu-new-subauk hman-thein Schleichera oleosa Amaranthus spinosus Cinnamomum bejolghota gyo-pan hin-nu-nwe hmanthin Flemingia chappar Amaranthus cruentus Cinnamomum verum gyo-sagauk hiptage hmaw-yan Chrozophora plicata Hiptage benghalensis Strobilanthes auriculatus bushy fg hkajang-nai hmya-seik Ficus hispida Streblus asper Antiaris toxicaria bushy indigo hkala-shwang hnan Grewia hirsuta Neolamarckia cadamba Sesamum indicum hangnan hkam mai hnan-kyat Acacia pennata Phyllanthus emblica Linum usitatissimum haprut hkamari hnaw Dillenia indica Salix tetrasperma Haldina cordifolia harvest-lice hkang-awng hnget-chauk The medicinal crops of Myanmar 277 Eucalyptus globulus Elettaria cardamomum Mimosa pudica hnin-thi-pin hpat hta-nah Syzygium jambos Xylia xylocarpa Zingiber montanum hoary basil hpaung-hpaung-thi htaura Ocimum americanum Physalis peruviana Acacia pennata hog plum hpawng-awn htingra-hpraw Spondias pinnata Mallotus philippensis Justicia adhatoda hog-pasture brake hpon-mathein hyacinth bean Pteridium aquilinum Blumea balsamifera Lablab purpureus holly-leaved acanthus hpun ja hyang Acanthus ilicifolius Aegle marmelos Alnus nepalensis holy basil hpun hygrophila Ocimum tenuiforum Carallia brachiata Hygrophila auriculata hon hpun-hpawk iceplant Millettia pachycarpa Mayodendron igneum Martynia annua hopseed bush hpunnam-makawk Indian acalypha Dodonaea viscosa Spondias pinnata Acalypha indica hopseed hroirwk Indian almond Dodonaea viscosa Terminalia bellirica Terminalia catappa horn of a lot hsan-to-nouk Indian bael Datura metel Glycine max Aegle marmelos horse bean hsanwin Indian bean Canavalia ensiformis Curcuma longa Lablab purpureus horseradish tree hsay gandamar Indian birthwort Moringa oleifera Tanacetum cinerariifolium Aristolochia indica hot pepper hsay min kyaung Aristolochia tagala Capsicum annuum Euphorbia hirta Indian cherry hou-no hsay-dan Cordia myxa Careya arborea Hygrophila phlomoides Indian coral tree hpadawng hsay-kha gyi Erythrina variegata Mallotus philippensis Andrographis paniculata Indian cork tree hpah-ha hsay-kyaw gyi Millingtonia hortensis Acacia concinna Plantago major Indian dill hpak ha hsee mee-tauk Anethum graveolens Acacia concinna Gloriosa superba Indian elm hpak-ha-awn hsee-cho Holoptelea integrifolia Acacia pennata Orthosiphon aristatus Indian fr tree hpak-ko-suk hseik hpalu Polyalthia longifolia Celastrus paniculatus Nyctanthes arbor-tristis Indian gentian hpak-lam-mon-lengthy hset-hnayarthi Swertia chirayita Senna alata Cascabela thevetia Indian goldthread hpak-mong hsin-doan manwai Coptis teeta Cordia dichotoma Tinospora cordifolia Indian gum tree hpak-se-noticed hsu bok gyi Acacia nilotica Momordica cochinchinensis Acacia pennata Indian heliotrope hpak-si-so hsu pan Heliotropium indicum Premna amplectens Carthamus tinctorius Indian hemp hpan-kha-ngai htakyu Abroma augustum Terminalia citrina Phyllanthus emblica Hibiscus cannabinus hpan-khar-thee htamone-chort Indian jalap Terminalia chebula Millingtonia hortensis Ipomoea alba hparlar hpyu hta-muck Indian kamala 278 Robert A. Krupnick / PhytoKeys 102: 1�341 (2018) Mallotus philippensis Indian trumpet fower Millingtonia hortensis Indian kapok Oroxylum indicum Java fower Bombax ceiba Indian weed Ficus benjamina Indian laburnum Sigesbeckia orientalis Java pepper Cassia fstula Indian wild pepper Piper cubeba Indian laurel Vitex trifolia Java plum Calophyllum inophyllum Indian-gooseberry Syzygium cumini Ficus retusa Phyllanthus emblica Java tea Indian lilac in-kathit Orthosiphon aristatus Azadirachta indica Erythrina variegata Javanese elderberry Indian lengthy pepper ironwood tree Sambucus javanica Piper longum Memecylon edule jaw-gale Indian madder Mesua ferrea Delonix regia Rubia cordifolia irul jequirity Indian mast tree Xylia xylocarpa Abrus precatorius Polyalthia longifolia ivy gourd jhingam poma Indian mulberry Coccinia grandis Lannea coromandelica Morinda citrifolia iwarancusa grass jhingam Indian nightshade Cymbopogon jwarancusa Lannea coromandelica Solanum anguivi jaboncillo jimson weed Indian oak Sapindus saponaria Datura stramonium Barringtonia acutangula jack bean jingbawngla Indian pennywort Canavalia ensiformis Zanthoxylum acanthopodium Centella asiatica jack within the bush Jobs tears Indian persimmon Chromolaena odorata Coix lacryma-jobi Diospyros malabarica jackfruit joyweed Indian privit Artocarpus heterophyllus Alternanthera sessilis Vitex negundo Jacobs coat jujube Indian red water-lily Acalypha wilkesiana Ziziphus jujuba Nymphaea rubra jail jungle fame ixora Indian rhododendron Lannea coromandelica Ixora coccinea Melastoma malabathricum jai-nool jungle geranium Indian rose-chestnut Mesua ferrea Ixora coccinea Mesua ferrea Jamaica sorrel jyula Indian sandalwood Hibiscus sabdarifa Mussaenda macrophylla Santalum album jamani-chon ka-aung Indian senna Chromolaena odorata Ficus hispida Senna alexandrina jambolan plum kabwi Indian shot Syzygium cumini Casuarina equisetifolia Canna indica jambu kadam tree Indian snakeroot Syzygium cumini Neolamarckia cadamba Rauvolfa serpentina Jamestown weed kadat-ngan Indian sorrel Datura stramonium Artabotrys hexapetalus Hibiscus sabdarifa janah lapoot Cananga odorata Indian spinach Acacia concinna kadauk-sat Basella alba jangbawngla Monochoria vaginalis Indian spiral ginger Zanthoxylum acanthopodium kadawn Cheilocostus speciosus japanese mint Jasminum multiforum Indian spurgetree Mentha arvensis kadawnla Euphorbia neriifolia Japanese pepper Jasminum multiforum Indian squirrel tail Zanthoxylum acanthopodium kado-po Colebrookea oppositifolia jasmine tree Ageratum conyzoides The medicinal crops of Myanmar 279 kadu-hpo kana-hpaw kat-si-ne Ageratum conyzoides Enydra fuctuans Triumfetta rhomboidea kadung kanah-tanow pryin kat-sine Bombax ceiba Euphorbia hirta Urena lobata kadu-pyan kanakho katsine-galay Cyanthillium cinereum Croton tiglium Triumfetta rhomboidea kadut kangyok ka-tu-pin Ficus hispida Plumbago indica Elephantopus scaber ka-dut kan-gyok-phyu kauk-hlaing-ti Ficus semicordata Plumbago zeylanica Aeginetia indica kaisun kannyut kauk-yoe nwai Allium cepa Asparagus ofcinalis Convolvulus arvensis kal kant-balu kauk-yo-nwe Cordia dichotoma Trachyspermum roxburghianum Convolvulus arvensis kalabin kant-choke-ni kawain-hnoot Kopsia fruticosa Plumbago indica Alpinia galanga kala-magyi kan-tin kawaintoot Pithecellobium dulce Indigofera cassioides Alpinia ofcinarum ka-la-mak ka-nyut kawe-thi Mansonia gagei Asparagus flicinus Lufa cylindrica kala-met kao mai kawl-tung-peng Mansonia gagei Butea monosperma Bombax ceiba kala-myetsi kao-hko kaw-ta-nook Cardiospermum halicacabum Butea superba Mesua ferrea kala-myetsi-pinzauk-gyi ka-phi kaya Physalis peruviana Cofea arabica Mimosa pudica kala-pan kapok bush kaya-chon Tagetes erecta Aerva javanica Acanthus ilicifolius kala-pi-sein kapok kayan Ocimum tenuiforum Ceiba pentandra Solanum melongena kalaw kasawt-kha kayan-kazaw Hydnocarpus kurzii Solanum anguivi Solanum rudepannum kalaw-so kashit-ka kazaw-kha Hydnocarpus kurzii Toona sureni Solanum rudepannum ka-leik kasondeh ka-zo Coix lacryma-jobi Cordia dichotoma Cassia fstula kalein kassod tree kazun yoe-n Coix lacryma-jobi Senna siamea Ipomoea aquatica kalein-thi katcho kazun-galay Coix lacryma-jobi Smilax guianensis Ipomoea aquatica kalisar katcho-gyi kazun-ywet Ichnocarpus frutescens Smilax glabra Ipomoea aquatica kalo kathaw-pok kenaf Colocasia antiquorum Senna italica Hibiscus cannabinus kam kan kathit key lime Mesua ferrea Erythrina variegata Citrus aurantiifolia kamala tree kathu khabaung yay-kyi Mallotus philippensis Indigofera cassioides Strychnos potatorum kame kat-say-nei khaing-shwe-wa Quassia indica Urena lobata Berberis nepalensis kanack champa katsi-ne khan tauk Pterospermum acerifolium Sida spinosa Coptis teeta 280 Robert A. Krupnick / PhytoKeys 102: 1�341 (2018) khan kinmun-gyin Tunbergia erecta Carissa spinarum Acacia concinna kway khanzat kin-pun chin Dioscorea bulbifera Carissa spinarum Acacia concinna kway-tauk nwai khar-grope kin-thabut-gyi Dregea volubilis Amaranthus spinosus Chukrasia tabularis kwe khaung-yan kitchen sage Markhamia stipulata Hibiscus schizopetalus Salvia ofcinalis kwet khaung-yan-ywet-hla klaw Limonia acidissima Hibiscus schizopetalus Aquilaria malaccensis kyabahon khaya klor Flemingia chappar Argemone mexicana Tectona grandis kyahin khayan-kazaw-kha kobi-dok Ipomoea alba Solanum anguivi Brassica oleracea kya-hpetgyi kha-yar kohlrabi Leea macrophylla Acanthus ilicifolius Brassica oleracea kyakat-wa kha-yar-chon kokko Bambusa bambos Acanthus ilicifolius Albizia lebbeck kyana khayay pin kone-line Xylocarpus moluccensis Mimusops elengi Cordyline fruticosa kyan-hin pin khinbok kon-kado Ipomoea alba Vallaris solanacea Abelmoschus moschatus kya-ni khine-shwe-war kon-thabye Nymphaea rubra Berberis nepalensis Syzygium nervosum kya-sha khu-than kosot-lot Boehmeria nivea Hymenodictyon orixense Butea superba kya-su khwar-nyo-gyi koyan-gyi Terminalia citrina Clematis smilacifolia Crinum asiaticum kyate-hman khwati kratom Eclipta prostrata Dillenia indica Mitragyna speciosa kyat-nan khwe-laya krek Xylocarpus moluccensis Mucuna pruriens Mangifera indica kyauk-hkwe-pin khwele kroik Evolvulus alsinoides Mucuna pruriens Bombax ceiba kyauk-pha-yon khwe-ya kruk Benincasa hispida Mucuna pruriens Mangifera indica kyauk-tinyu kia-bok ku-hlu Taxus baccata Aegle marmelos Phyllanthus emblica kyaung shar kidney cotton ku-ku Oroxylum indicum Gossypium barbadense Smilax guianensis kyaungban-gyi kidney tea plant kum-bomb-kroke Vitex negundo Orthosiphon aristatus Apium graveolens kyaung-migo kikao kun Buddleja asiatica Butea monosperma Euphorbia antiquorum kyaung-pan kin peint Piper betle Vitex trifolia Basella alba kun-kado kyaung-se-pin kin pone Kaempferia elegans Acalypha indica Coccinia grandis kun-linne kyaung-yo-thay pin king of bitters Cordyline fruticosa Acalypha indica Andrographis paniculata kunsa-gamon kyaung-yo-the kinmon Alpinia galanga Acalypha indica Coccinia grandis kwa-nyo kydia The medicinal crops of Myanmar 281 Kydia calycina Flacourtia jangomas Schleichera oleosa kyee-arh pin kyi lacow-sacopf Trichosanthes tricuspidata Barringtonia acutangula Zingiber ofcinale kyeik kyibaung ladys fnger Coix lacryma-jobi Viscum cruciatum Abelmoschus esculentus kyeik-hman kyi-kan-hnok-thi lagat Eclipta prostrata Tunbergia laurifolia Ficus religiosa kyet-gale kyi-ni lagoe-htaneg Melastoma malabathricum Barringtonia acutangula Zingiber ofcinale kyet-hinga kyini-nwe lahkylk Momordica charantia Tunbergia laurifolia Callicarpa macrophylla kyet-hin-kha kyom par lamai Momordica charantia Magnolia champaca Ficus semicordata kyet-hsu yoe-ni kyu lambsquarters Ricinus communis Arundo donax Chenopodium album kyet-hsu Phragmites karka lamtoro Ricinus communis kyu-a Leucaena leucocephala kyet-kadut Phragmites karka la-mung Ficus benjamina kyu-kaing Mangifera indica kyet-kadut Phragmites karka landrina Ficus semicordata kyu-ma Spermacoce hispida kyet-ma-oak Arundo donax lan-salat Ardisia humilis kyun Zanthoxylum acanthopodium kyet-maok Tectona grandis lan-tama Ardisia humilis kyun-nalin Polyalthia longifolia kyet-mauk Callicarpa macrophylla lantana Celosia argentea Premna mollissima Lantana fl aculeata kyetmauk kyun-pin laran Litchi chinensis Tectona grandis Magnolia champaca kyet-mauk-pyan kyu-wa-kaing laran Achyranthes aspera Phragmites karka Neolamarckia cadamba kyet-mauk-sue-pyan kywai-kyaung min hsay lash-awng Achyranthes aspera Euphorbia hirta Neolamarckia cadamba kyetsi-gyi kywai-kyaung min thay lashen Jatropha curcas Euphorbia hirta Boehmeria nivea kyetsu kyway-u lashi Ricinus communis Dioscorea pentaphylla Tabernaemontana divaricata kyet-su-gyi kywe-ma-gyo-lein latang Jatropha curcas Stereospermum colais Lannea coromandelica kyetsu-kanako kywe-tho latloot Jatropha gossypiifolia Bischofa javanica Morinda angustifolia kyet-tayaw kywe-thwe latsai Grewia hirsuta Premna serratifolia Toona sureni kyet-tha-hin kywet-nabaung lauk-thay Phyllanthus niruri Cissampelos pareira Tadehagi triquetrum kyet-thun hpyu kywe-yan-nge laukya Allium sativum Volkameria inermis Schima wallichii kyet-thun-ni oo-gyi labanru laukya-byu Allium cepa Spatholobus parviforus Schima wallichii kyetyo lablab bean laupe Premna mollissima Lablab purpureus Lannea coromandelica kyetyo-po lac tree laurel 282 Robert A. Krupnick / PhytoKeys 102: 1�341 (2018) Ficus benjamina Alpinia ofcinarum Passifora foetida laurel clock vine letpan low shoebutton Tunbergia laurifolia Bombax ceiba Ardisia humilis laurel-leaved clockvine letpan-ga lubia bean Tunbergia laurifolia Alstonia scholaris Lablab purpureus laurel-leaved thunbergia let-pau fortunate nut Tunbergia laurifolia Bombax ceiba Cascabela thevetia laurel-wood lettok-thein lufa Calophyllum inophyllum Wrightia arborea Lufa cylindrica lawihkri-shalwai leucaena lulin-gyaw Citrus aurantiifolia Leucaena leucocephala Cinnamomum bejolghota lay-hnyin lewah lun-tha Syzygium aromaticum Ceiba pentandra Benincasa hispida lay-naryi pan liane savon lychee Mirabilis jalapa Gouania leptostachya Litchi chinensis leaf of life licorice weed mace Bryophyllum pinnatum Scoparia dulcis Myristica fragrans leea life plant machit oo Leea macrophylla Bryophyllum pinnatum Fritillaria cirrhosa leechee lilac tasselfower ma-chyangai Litchi chinensis Emilia sonchifolia Cratoxylum formosum lee-ko-kee lime machyit Memecylon edule Citrus aurantiifolia Fritillaria cirrhosa Leichhardt-pine linda-pabyin mad apple Nauclea orientalis Melastoma malabathricum Datura stramonium leik tha-shwe war lin-lay Madagascar periwinkle Barleria prionitis Acorus calamus Catharanthus roseus leik-hsu shwe lin-ne madaw Barleria prionitis Acorus calamus Garcinia xanthochymus leik-su-ywe linseed madras wormwood Barleria prionitis Linum usitatissimum Grangea maderaspatana lein-maw linwheel fower magan Citrus fl aurantium Tabernaemontana divaricata Kydia calycina lelu lipstick-tree magan-kaja Mussaenda macrophylla Bixa orellana Kydia calycina le-moh-pin litchi magap Ceiba pentandra Litchi chinensis Kydia calycina lemon litchi nut magwinapa Citrus limon Litchi chinensis Pterospermum acerifolium lemon grass little hogweed magyeng Cymbopogon citratus Portulaca oleracea Tamarindus indica le-padauk little ironweed ma-gyi Monochoria vaginalis Cyanthillium cinereum Tamarindus indica le-padu lolly fruit magyi-bauk Hygrophila auriculata Sandoricum koetjape Sapindus saponaria le-seik-shin lengthy zedoary mahaga-kyansit Crateva religiosa Curcuma zedoaria Persicaria pulchra le-seik-shin loosestrife maha-gar-kyan-sit Quassia indica Woodfordia fruticosa Persicaria chinensis lesser cardamon lovage maha-hlega-byu Elettaria cardamomum Trachyspermum ammi Bauhinia acuminata lesser galangal love-in-a-mist maha-hlega-byu The medicinal crops of Myanmar 283 Bauhinia purpurea Salix tetrasperma mai-pinngo maha-hlega-ni mai-kham Careya arborea Bauhinia purpurea Garuga pinnata mai-put mahahlega-phyu maikoa Callicarpa macrophylla Bauhinia acuminata Brugmansia arborea mai-pyit mahkaw mai-kokkyi Mayodendron igneum Ziziphus jujuba Rhus chinensis mai-sak ma-hlwa mai-kokkyin Tectona grandis Markhamia stipulata Rhus chinensis mai-sa-lan mahonia mai-kong-leng Tectona grandis Berberis nepalensis Ricinus communis mai-salan mahuya-pein mai-kyaing Xylia xylocarpa Colocasia antiquorum Tamarindus indica mai-sat-lang maiaw mai-kyang Croton persimilis Arundo donax Schleichera oleosa mai-noticed mai-aw-awn mai-kye Gmelina arborea Arundo donax Markhamia stipulata maisen mai-awza mai-kying-lwai Dillenia indica Annona squamosa Albizia odoratissima mai-song mai-bau mai-lang Schima wallichii Alnus nepalensis Kopsia fruticosa mai-son-pu mai-chek Wrightia arborea Hymenodictyon orixense Adenanthera pavonina mai-lengthy-ka-hkam mai-sung-hkong-lengthy mai-hen Millingtonia hortensis Leea macrophylla Terminalia bellirica mai-lum mai-tawn mai-hkai Cassia fstula Albizia odoratissima Salix tetrasperma mai-lusang maiting mai-hkam Ficus semicordata Mesua ferrea Lannea coromandelica mai-mahen maiyang mai-hkang Terminalia bellirica Holarrhena pubescens Croton tiglium mai-mak-hat mai-yang-hka-oaun mai-hkao Artocarpus lakoocha Wrightia arborea Schleichera oleosa mai-mak-hkam mai-yum mai-hkao-lengthy Phyllanthus emblica Toona sureni Holarrhena pubescens mai-mak-kawk maize mai-hkwai Spondias pinnata Zea mays Streblus asper mai-mak-na makalaw mai-hok-hpa Terminalia chebula Terminalia bellirica Terminalia tomentosa mai-man-nah mak-hkam-sang-paw mai-hpa Terminalia chebula Phyllanthus acidus Callicarpa macrophylla mai-mupi makhkaw-hku mai-hpang Anneslea fragrans Ziziphus jujuba Ficus semicordata mai-mye-sili mak-hpung mai-hpawng-tun Senna siamea Averrhoa carambola Mallotus philippensis mai-nam-lawt mak-okay yeng mai-ka-aung Capparis zeylanica Tamarindus indica Semecarpus anacardium mai-naw mak-kawng-tawn maikao Terminalia bellirica Bridelia retusa Butea monosperma mai-nio mak-kok mai-kawk Bombax ceiba Ziziphus rugosa Spondias pinnata mai-nyawng mak-kyen mai-keik Ficus religiosa Flacourtia jangomas 284 Robert A. Krupnick / PhytoKeys 102: 1�341 (2018) mak-lang mango-taukpa-tit Neolamarckia cadamba Artocarpus heterophyllus Strychnos potatorum maulu mak-lok-kaing mangrai Spatholobus parviforus Vitex glabrata Salix tetrasperma mau-phyu makman-yoo mangrove Neolamarckia cadamba Jatropha curcas Rhizophora mucronata mawk mak-mong maniawga Magnolia champaca Mangifera indica Carallia brachiata mawk nang-nang mak-mong-sang-yip manila tamarind Combretum indicum Anacardium occidentale Pithecellobium dulce mawk-hkam-lengthy makpa nakeching mani-thanl-but Cascabela thevetia Callicarpa macrophylla Capparis zeylanica mawk-kham mak-phyn mankala Indigofera cassioides Aegle marmelos Psidium guajava mawk-manu mak-pyen-sum mansi Hibiscus schizopetalus Limonia acidissima Carica papaya mawkmnae mak-sang-hpaw maranta Hibiscus schizopetalus Carica papaya Maranta arundinacea mawk-nawn-hkam mak-spye margosa Acacia farnesiana Syzygium jambos Azadirachta indica mawk-sam-ka maksun-ting marigold Plumeria rubra Citrus aurantiifolia Tagetes erecta mawk-sam-pailong mak-tasu-lengthy marihuana Plumeria rubra Leea macrophylla Cannabis sativa mawrite nawa Malabar almond markingnut tree Piper nigrum Terminalia catappa Semecarpus anacardium mawsanku Malabar nut tree marsh herb Santalum album Justicia adhatoda Enydra fuctuans mayauklok-ni malaka marsh parsley Artocarpus lakoocha Psidium guajava Apium graveolens mayo malame marvel of Peru Calotropis gigantea Cardiospermum halicacabum Mirabilis jalapa mayoe Malay banyan masa Calotropis procera Ficus retusa Schima wallichii mayu-de Malay bush-beech mashawt pin Markhamia stipulata Gmelina arborea Euonymus kachinensis maza Malay laurel mataran tea Cinnamomum bejolghota Ficus retusa Senna auriculata me-byaung maleinka mat-lay Memecylon edule Oroxylum indicum Ipomoea hederifolia meegyaung-kun-hpat ma-monton ma-tu-pin Hygrophila phlomoides Mangifera indica Elephantopus scaber meet mamung ma-u Curcuma longa Mangifera indica Nauclea orientalis meik-kye mana Neolamarckia cadamba Albizia odoratissima Terminalia chebula ma-u-gyi meik-mahot manglon Nauclea orientalis Artocarpus lakoocha Tamarindus indica ma-u-kadon meiksong mango Nauclea orientalis Schima wallichii Mangifera indica maula meik-tha-lin mangosteen Spatholobus parviforus Zingiber montanum Garcinia fl mangostana ma-u-let-tan-she meiktun The medicinal crops of Myanmar 285 Anneslea fragrans minbaw mussoorie berry mejari Caryota mitis Coriaria nepalensis Senna siamea mingut mway-ma-naing melastoma Garcinia fl mangostana Abroma augustum Melastoma malabathricum mistletoe mway-say men-khareek-leck-chuck Viscum cruciatum Abroma augustum Aloe vera moi mway-seik-phay-pin merokwa Lannea coromandelica Abroma augustum Terminalia tomentosa moko-lanma mwet-kang steel seed Tadehagi triquetrum Symplocos racemosa Senna tora momakha myat-ya Mexican lime Salix tetrasperma Grewia nervosa Citrus aurantiifolia mondaing myauk-laung Mexican petunia Cycas rumphii Artocarpus lakoocha Strobilanthes auriculatus monia myauk-le-sik Mexican prickly poppy Lannea coromandelica Aglaia cucullata Argemone mexicana monkey nut myauk-lok Mexican tea Arachis hypogaea Artocarpus lakoocha Dysphania ambrosioides monkey-jack myauk-seik me-yaing Artocarpus lakoocha Holoptelea integrifolia Tephrosia purpurea mon-la-ni myauk-zi mezali Daucus carota Ziziphus rugosa Senna siamea moon fower mya-yar mezali-gyi Ipomoea alba Grewia nervosa Senna alata moonbeam myay-byit miat Tabernaemontana divaricata Portulaca oleracea Memecylon edule moonfower myay-pe michelia Datura stramonium Arachis hypogaea Magnolia champaca moot maiboa myay-pe-naw-nam mickyat Cardiospermum halicacabum Senna tora Kydia calycina morinda mye-mu-se microcos Morinda angustifolia Cratoxylum formosum Grewia nervosa morning glory myet-hmwe mi-gwin-gamone Convolvulus arvensis Cymbopogon nardus Tradescantia spathacea Moses in a cradle myet-hna-pan migyaung-kunbat Tradescantia spathacea Pavetta indica Hygrophila phlomoides moulmein cedar myet-htauk Linum usitatissimum Toona sureni Portulaca oleracea mi-gyaung-nwe mountain ebony myet-lay-gwa Millettia pachycarpa Diospyros malabarica Dactyloctenium aegyptium milk weed Mousa nettle myet-na-myin-gyin Euphorbia hirta Urtica parvifora Pavetta indica milkhedge mung-dung myetpye Euphorbia antiquorum Artocarpus heterophyllus Melastoma malabathricum millet mung-ting myet-sek Cymbopogon jwarancusa Acacia catechu Equisetum ramosissimum sub millettia munjeet sp. Krupnick / PhytoKeys 102: 1�341 (2018) Celastrus paniculatus Santalum album Piper nigrum myin-hkwa nanwin nga-yok-kaung Centella asiatica Curcuma longa Piper longum myin-kahpan nanwinga ngu Grewia nervosa Curcuma comosa Cassia fstula myin-khwar pin natal plum ngu pin Centella asiatica Carissa spinarum Cassia fstula myin-lauk-yaung natha hpyu ngusat Celastrus paniculatus Santalum album Senna tora myitzu pan pin naukpo ngu-shwe Mirabilis jalapa Achyranthes aspera Cassia fstula myrobalan nawnam ngushwe-ama Phyllanthus emblica Senna italica Cassia fstula Terminalia bellirica naywe nhtau-ru Terminalia chebula Flacourtia jangomas Millettia pachycarpa myu nbau nibase Chenopodium album Alnus nepalensis Morinda citrifolia my-yar-gyi ndung nicandra Justicia adhatoda Artocarpus heterophyllus Nicandra physalodes nabe needle wood night jasmine Lannea coromandelica Schima wallichii Nyctanthes arbor-tristis nabu-nwe neem ning-bau Vallaris solanacea Azadirachta indica Alnus nepalensis nadaung-ban neepa bark nle-prangkau Lantana fl aculeata Quassia indica Symplocos racemosa nagbala nee-par hsay-pin nlung Sida spinosa Morinda coreia Morinda angustifolia nagi camphor nehle nodding smartweed Blumea balsamifera Cullen corylifolium Persicaria pulchra nakzik new-ni noni Cinnamomum bejolghota Celastrus paniculatus Morinda citrifolia na-lin-gyaw new-nyo notch-seeded buckwheat Cinnamomum bejolghota Tunbergia laurifolia Fagopyrum esculentum nam ya-hai-awn nga-be nutgall tree Mimosa pudica Abroma augustum Rhus chinensis namchying nga-chat-wa nutmeg Curcuma longa Bambusa bambos Myristica fragrans nana cane ngal-hjyang nutmeg fower Arundo donax Anneslea fragrans Nigella sativa nanat-gyi ngapi nut nu-wah Agave sisalana Archidendron jiringa Gossypium barbadense na-nat-shaw ngasee nwai-pe Agave sisalana Glycine max Lablab purpureus nang-mu ngayan-padu nwamni-than-lyet Combretum indicum Rotheca incisa Capparis zeylanica nan-lon-kyaing ngayant patu nwar myay yinn Acacia farnesiana Clerodendrum indicum Cyperus scariosus nannan ngayok nwar-mee-kat Coriandrum sativum Capsicum annuum Urena lobata nantayok ngayoke kha nwei thargi Altingia excelsa Andrographis paniculata Nerium oleander nanttha hpyu ngayoke-kaung nwe-kazun-phyu The medicinal crops of Myanmar 287 Ipomoea alba Monochoria vaginalis pan-le nwe-nathan-gwin oyster plant Woodfordia fruticosa Hiptage benghalensis Tradescantia spathacea pan-letwa nwe-ni Pacifc maple Phyllodium pulchellum Spatholobus parviforus Aglaia cucullata pan-ma nya padaing Anneslea fragrans Acacia catechu Brugmansia suaveolens Schima wallichii nyagyi Datura metel pa-noh Morinda citrifolia pa-daing-byu Artocarpus heterophyllus nyaung bokdahae Datura metel panswe Ficus religiosa pa-daing-khata Woodfordia fruticosa nyaung-bawdi Datura metel pan-swe-le Ficus religiosa padaing-khat-ta Hibiscus schizopetalus nyaung-lun Datura stramonium pan-thawka Ficus benjamina pa-daing-ni Ixora coccinea nyaung-okay Datura metel panwe Ficus retusa padaing-nyo Artocarpus heterophyllus nyaung-phyu Datura stramonium pan-ye-sut-nwe Ficus rumphii padat-nygan Tunbergia laurifolia nyaung-thabye Artabotrys hexapetalus pan-zayeik Ficus benjamina padegaw-gale Ixora coccinea nyaung-ye-o-pan Alpinia ofcinarum papaw Melastoma malabathricum padei-kaw gyi Carica papaya nygayan-padu Alpinia galanga papaya Clerodendrum indicum padei-kaw lay Carica papaya o-dein Alpinia ofcinarum pashu-phet-wun Kleinhovia hospita pa-deing-ngo Kleinhovia hospita oilgrass Exacum tetragonum pasture brake Cymbopogon jwarancusa padri Pteridium aquilinum okhne Stereospermum chelonoides patana oak Streblus asper pagoda tree Careya arborea okshit Plumeria rubra patchouli Aegle marmelos pahi Pogostemon cablin olax Tectona grandis pattagyi Olax scandens paiksan Woodfordia fruticosa oleander Linum usitatissimum pauk-kyn Nerium oleander palan Markhamia stipulata oleander-leaved euphorbia Bauhinia acuminata pauk-new Euphorbia neriifolia palannwe Butea superba on-hnye Mallotus philippensis pauk-nwe Aerva javanica palan-taunghmwe Spatholobus parviforus onion Cheilocostus speciosus pauk-pan-byu Allium cepa pale smartweed Sesbania grandifora reverse-leaf drysophylia Persicaria pulchra paukpin Colebrookea oppositifolia pale-ban Butea monosperma ortie Sambucus javanica paung Urtica dioica panameikli Terminalia tomentosa Otaheite gooseberry Vitex glabrata paung-thaung Phyllanthus acidus panga Strobilanthes auriculatus oval-leaf monochoria Terminalia chebula pawpan Monochoria vaginalis panicled peristrophe Butea monosperma oval-leaf pondweed Peristrophe bicalyculata pawpaw 288 Robert A. Krupnick / PhytoKeys 102: 1�341 (2018) Carica papaya Peruvian winter cherry Ocimum americanum paw-tohkaw Physalis peruviana pin-sein-internet Butea superba Peruvian yellow oleander Ocimum tenuiforum pa-yan-na-war Cascabela thevetia pkhay Boerhavia difusa petari Xylia xylocarpa Commicarpus chinensis Mallotus nudiforus plantain payaung-pan petya Plantago major Cascabela thevetia Girardinia diversifolia po-gaungsa payoke-aye petya-gyi Bischofa javanica Mentha arvensis Girardinia diversifolia poison bulb payoke-pin phalsa Crinum asiaticum Cinnamomum camphora Grewia asiatica poma payon-ama phan-kha Lannea coromandelica Rhizophora mucronata Terminalia chebula pomegranate payuk phat-kyi Punica granatum Cinnamomum camphora Coriandrum sativum ponenyet pazun-sar phat-swon-pan Calophyllum inophyllum Alternanthera sessilis Hibiscus sabdarifa pon-na-yeik pazun-za phet-wun-ni Ixora chinensis Alternanthera sessilis Kydia calycina Ixora coccinea peanut phon-ma-thein ponnayeik Arachis hypogaea Blumea balsamifera Pavetta indica pebok physic nut pon-nyet Callicarpa macrophylla Jatropha curcas Anneslea fragrans pe-bok physic nut popee Glycine max Jatropha gossypiifolia Urena lobata pe-bok-new physic nut pora-mat Paederia foetida Jatropha multifda Benincasa hispida pe-dalet pickerel weed porcupine fower Canavalia ensiformis Monochoria vaginalis Barleria prionitis pe-dama pigweed pot Canavalia ensiformis Amaranthus spinosus Cannabis sativa peepthong Chenopodium album potato yam Mayodendron igneum pi-khum Dioscorea bulbifera peik-chin Gouania leptostachya po-thi-din Piper longum pin-gu-hteik-peik Mallotus philippensis peik-thingat Leucas cephalotes pothos Senna auriculata pinle-kabwe Pothos scandens pein Casuarina equisetifolia praing Colocasia antiquorum pinle-kazun Xylia xylocarpa pein-gya Ipomoea pes-caprae prairie turnip Pothos scandens pinle-kyauk-pan Cullen corylifolium peinne Volkameria inermis pran Artocarpus heterophyllus pinle-ohn Xylia xylocarpa pein-u Xylocarpus moluccensis prang-gadawn Colocasia antiquorum pinle-on Rotheca serrata pe-nauk-ni Xylocarpus moluccensis prickly chaf Clitoria ternatea pinle-tinyu Achyranthes aspera pe-ngapi Casuarina equisetifolia prickly fanpetals Glycine max pin-sein hmway Sida spinosa periwinkle Ocimum americanum prickly poppy Catharanthus roseus pin-sein Argemone mexicana The medicinal crops of Myanmar 289 pride of Barbados Holoptelea integrifolia red cottontree Caesalpinia pulcherrima pyaung-bu Bombax ceiba pride of Burma Zea mays red milkweed Amherstia nobilis pyiban-nyo Asclepias curassavica princes feather Senna sulfurea red morning-glory Amaranthus cruentus pyidban-shwe Ipomoea hederifolia prung Senna sulfurea red pepper Nauclea orientalis pyin Capsicum annuum Neolamarckia cadamba Xylia xylocarpa red plumeria prway pyin-daw-thein Plumeria rubra Xylia xylocarpa Clausena excavata red sandalwood pu pyinkado Adenanthera pavonina Piper betle Xylia xylocarpa red santol pudding pipe tree pyinma-ywetthey Sandoricum koetjape Cassia fstula Lagerstroemia speciosa red sarsaparilla puneala plum pyrethrum Ichnocarpus frutescens Flacourtia jangomas Tanacetum cinerariifolium red silk-cotton purging cassia pyu Bombax ceiba Cassia fstula Rhizophora mucronata red tasselfower purging nut quassia wood Emilia sonchifolia Jatropha curcas Picrasma javanica red-fruit passionfower purple allamanda Queen Annes lace Passifora foetida Tunbergia laurifolia Daucus carota red-root purple amaranthus queen of fowering bushes Cannabis sativa Amaranthus cruentus Amherstia nobilis resurection lily purple foxglove queens crape myrtle Kaempferia elegans Digitalis purpurea Lagerstroemia speciosa ribwort purple-fowered resurection lily Queensland asthma herb Plantago major Kaempferia elegans Euphorbia hirta rimil-beer purslane Queesland arrowroot Olax scandens Portulaca oleracea Canna indica ringworm cassia pursley ra Senna alata Portulaca oleracea Mucuna pruriens ringworm shrub pusi-nan rabbit greens Senna alata Mentha arvensis Ipomoea aquatica rohituka putsa-u rai baitine Aphanamixis polystachya Dioscorea bulbifera Sinapis alba Roman coriander put-sa-u rai jamun Nigella sativa Dioscorea pentaphylla Syzygium nervosum rosary pea puzzlenut tree ramie Abrus precatorius Xylocarpus moluccensis Boehmeria nivea rose apple pwe-gaing Rangoon creeper Syzygium jambos Senna alexandrina Combretum indicum rose of China pwekonclaw Quassia indica Hibiscus schizopetalus Mucuna pruriens ranjneh hnah rose of Sharon pwesay-mezali Centella asiatica Nerium oleander Senna alata red amaranthus rosebay pwint-tu-ywet-tu Amaranthus cruentus Holarrhena pubescens Mussaenda macrophylla red bean vine rosy leadwort pya Abrus precatorius Plumbago indica Symplocos racemosa red cedar round zedoary pyauk-seik Toona sureni Curcuma zedoaria 290 Robert A. Krupnick / PhytoKeys 102: 1�341 (2018) royal poinciana samon-nwe Verbena ofcinalis Delonix regia Momordica cochinchinensis saungkyan rozelle samon-saba Capparis favicans Hibiscus sabdarifa Foeniculum vulgare savannah fern rubanru samon-sabar Dicranopteris linearis Spatholobus parviforus Foeniculum vulgare saydan-kya rubber tree samut Acalypha wilkesiana Schefera venulosa Apium graveolens say-my Rumphfs fg tree sandakoo Dysphania ambrosioides Ficus rumphii Santalum album sayo pin operating-pop sandalwood Piper cubeba Passifora foetida Santalum album scarlet ixora sabalin-hmwe sangawn-gmawt Ixora coccinea Cymbopogon nardus Careya arborea scarlet leadwort sabe-hmwe-sok sang-hpaw Plumbago indica Jasminum multiforum Carica papaya scarlet wisteria tree sacred basil sani kamat Sesbania grandifora Ocimum tenuiforum Asparagus ofcinalis schima sacred fg tree san-phak Schima wallichii Ficus religiosa Limonia acidissima scufy pea sacred garlic pear sansph-ka Cullen corylifolium Crateva religiosa Limonia acidissima sea holly safower santagu Acanthus ilicifolius Carthamus tinctorius Santalum album Eryngium caeruleum sagale-amauk santal sea island cotton Premna amplectens Sandoricum koetjape Gossypium barbadense saga-sein santol Sebastian tree Cananga odorata Sandoricum koetjape Cordia dichotoma sage sanut-khar se-baung-gyan Salvia ofcinalis Limonia acidissima Pavetta indica sagyaw sa-nwin Sebesten plum Mangifera indica Curcuma longa Cordia myxa sahkao Curcuma zedoaria sega-gyi Melastoma malabathricum sanwinga Andrographis paniculata saingnan Curcuma comosa se-gyauk Strobilanthes auriculatus sanwin-yaing Cannabis sativa saka-wah Curcuma comosa seik-chi Magnolia champaca sapalin Bridelia retusa sakina Cymbopogon citratus seikchi-bo Indigofera cassioides sapistan Bridelia retusa sam lung Cordia myxa seik-nan Magnolia champaca sapodilla Clausena excavata sameik Manilkara zapota seiknan-gyi Anethum graveolens sariva Premna mollissima sammankaw Ichnocarpus frutescens seik-palu Ziziphus rugosa sarsaparilla Nyctanthes arbor-tristis samon nyo Ichnocarpus frutescens seinban Anethum graveolens sa-thange-ohnauk Delonix regia samone hpyu Cratoxylum formosum seinnaban Trachyspermum ammi saung-chan Lantana fl aculeata samon-internet Capparis favicans sein-pan-gale Nigella sativa saung-daw-ku Caesalpinia pulcherrima The medicinal crops of Myanmar 291 sein-takyu shaggy button weed shwe-pan-new Tecoma stans Spermacoce hispida Allamanda cathartica se-kalon shagyaw Siamese cassia Martynia annua Mangifera indica Senna siamea se-khar-gyi shaji Siamese rough bush Andrographis paniculata Acacia catechu Streblus asper sekku-pan shakau siamweed Bougainvillea spectabilis Allium cepa Chromolaena odorata se-laik-pya shame weed si-cho Flemingia chappar Mimosa pudica Orthosiphon aristatus se-laik-pya shame sicklepod Flemingia strobilifera Melastoma malabathricum Senna tora se-leik-pya shan camphor sigesbeckia Phyllodium pulchellum Blumea balsamifera Sigesbeckia orientalis selu shang hap-wsi sigyi Cordia myxa Carica papaya Callicarpa macrophylla semakhan shanghpaw silk-cottontree Jatropha multifda Carica papaya Bombax ceiba semein shan-kazaw Ceiba pentandra Millettia pachycarpa Senna italica silky wormwood sensitive plant shapawing Artemisia dracunculus Mimosa pudica Ricinus communis silver cocks comb sentol shari-mam Celosia argentea Sandoricum koetjape Fagopyrum esculentum simal sentul shauk Bombax ceiba Sandoricum koetjape Citrus limon sin-che serpent wood shauk-waing Elephantopus scaber Rauvolfa serpentina Citrus limon sindon-ma-nwe sesame sha-zaung-let-pat Tinospora cordifolia Sesamum indicum Aloe vera sin-gwe sessile joyweed shazaung-myin-na Stereospermum colais Alternanthera sessilis Euphorbia neriifolia sin-hna-maung sethnayathi shewewa-pan Heliotropium indicum Cascabela thevetia Allamanda cathartica sin-kayan set-hnit-ya-thi shinasoo Solanum melongena Cascabela thevetia Amorphophallus paeoniifolius sin-let-maung setkadon shitkale Heliotropium indicum Mallotus nudiforus Anacardium occidentale sinna set-kalwe shoe fower Pterospermum acerifolium Phyllanthus emblica Hibiscus schizopetalus sin-petya set-thalwe shoo-fy plant Girardinia diversifolia Phyllanthus emblica Nicandra physalodes sinyok Seville orange shrub-vinca Garuga pinnata Citrus fl aurantium Kopsia fruticosa sisal sha shwedagon Agave sisalana Acacia catechu Asclepias curassavica sisal hemp shabyu shwe-gu-than-hlet Agave sisalana Phyllanthus emblica Tadehagi triquetrum siyo-kyetsu shadwe shwe-new Jatropha curcas Ardisia humilis Cuscuta refexa skunk vine shagan changgan shwe-nwe-pin Paederia foetida Butea monosperma Cuscuta refexa slender dwarf morning-glory 292 Robert A. Krupnick / PhytoKeys 102: 1�341 (2018) Evolvulus alsinoides Annona squamosa Paederia foetida slow match tree sot-parite-sanut stinkwort Careya arborea Citrus aurantiifolia Datura stramonium small fennel sot-talwe smelly opal berry Nigella sativa Phyllanthus emblica Paederia foetida small-leaved rubber plant sour orange stramonium Ficus benjamina Citrus fl aurantium Datura stramonium smartweed southernblue gum robust-scented pigweed Persicaria pulchra Eucalyptus globulus Dysphania ambrosioides smooth chastetree soy bean suboke-gyi Vitex glabrata Glycine max Acacia pennata smooth loofah soya bean subyu Lufa cylindrica Glycine max Acacia nilotica smooth senna Spanish cane sugar apple Senna sulfurea Arundo donax Annona squamosa snow bush Spanish cherry suka Aerva javanica Mimusops elengi Passifora foetida cleaning soap pod speedwell sum-bawng Acacia concinna Evolvulus alsinoides Hibiscus sabdarifa soapberry spiderfower sum-hkawn Sapindus saponaria Cleome gynandra Acacia concinna soapnut spiderwisp sumhtung Sapindus saponaria Cleome gynandra Mayodendron igneum delicate elephants-foot spiny amaranthus sumtungh-kyeng Elephantopus scaber Amaranthus cruentus Mayodendron igneum delicate hemp Amaranthus spinosus sum-tung-hpraw Cannabis sativa spiny bamboo Millingtonia hortensis soja bean Bambusa bambos suntwood Glycine max spiny bitter-cucumber Acacia nilotica sok Momordica cochinchinensis su-la-na-pha Senna alata spiny bittergourd Oldenlandia corymbosa soldier-weed Momordica cochinchinensis su-lar-na-phar Amaranthus spinosus spiny pigweed Oldenlandia corymbosa sonpabataing Amaranthus spinosus su-padang Plumeria rubra sponge gourd Hygrophila auriculata sorrel Lufa cylindrica excellent lily Hibiscus sabdarifa sponge-tree Gloriosa superba sorrowless tree Acacia farnesiana surfacea Saraca indica spreading hogweed Premna amplectens kind-htmaine Boerhavia difusa suyit Moringa oleifera Commicarpus chinensis Acacia pennata sot lapoot star fower tree swallow-wart Acacia concinna Mimusops elengi Calotropis procera sot-cawee-katun star gooseberry swamp daisy Momordica charantia Phyllanthus acidus Eclipta prostrata sot-crin star ipomoea swamp morning-glory Syzygium jambos Ipomoea hederifolia Ipomoea aquatica sot-gren-itg starleaf swe-daw Oroxylum indicum Schefera venulosa Bauhinia acuminata sot-keen stinging nettle Bauhinia purpurea Mimusops elengi Urtica dioica swedaw-ni sot-maroat stink vine Bauhinia purpurea The medicinal crops of Myanmar 293 sweet acacia tanah-pacow-kawaing angine taung-solar Acacia farnesiana Combretum indicum Maranta arundinacea sweet fag tanaung taung-tama Acorus calamus Acacia leucophloea Toona sureni sweetleaf ta-ner-hgaw taung-tangyi Symplocos racemosa Coriandrum sativum Premna serratifolia sweet-scented broom Tanners cassia taung-thanut Scoparia dulcis Senna auriculata Cordia myxa sweetsop Tanners tea taung-thayet Annona squamosa Senna auriculata Buchanania lancifolia swap cane tanom khapore taung-zalut Arundo donax Butea monosperma Wrightia arborea sword bean tanwhite taw-bizat Canavalia ensiformis Piper longum Chromolaena odorata Entada phaseoloides tanyin tawbut taagat-ta-gyi Archidendron jiringa Lufa cylindrica Heynea trijuga taro taw-hingala tabasco Colocasia antiquorum Cleome gynandra Capsicum annuum tarragon tawitho tabo Artemisia dracunculus Terminalia bellirica Kydia calycina tasha taw-kalamet tabu Phyllanthus emblica Pterospermum acerifolium Zanthoxylum acanthopodium Tasmanian blue gum taw-kanako tabyetse Eucalyptus globulus Jatropha gossypiifolia Phyllodium pulchellum tatea taw-khan-pin tadaing-hmwe Premna amplectens Carissa spinarum Artabotrys hexapetalus taukkyan taw-kinmon taesap Terminalia tomentosa Coccinia grandis Garuga pinnata tauk-kyant taw-ma-hnyo-lon ta-gat-internet Terminalia tomentosa Grangea maderaspatana Aphanamixis polystachya tauksha taw-mevaing taik-pan-gyibag-fower Vitex glabrata Indigofera cassioides Clerodendrum thomsoniae tauku-ywe taw-mezali takau Cinnamomum bejolghota Senna siamea Mangifera indica taung-damin tawngto-nao tama Phyllodium pulchellum Callicarpa macrophylla Azadirachta indica taung-gnaw taw-pilaw tamaga Anneslea fragrans Malvastrum coromandelianum Azadirachta indica taung-gwe taw-sabe tamarind Lannea coromandelica Ichnocarpus frutescens Tamarindus indica taung-kamaka tawsabe tame Picrasma javanica Jasminum multiforum Syzygium cumini taung-kyibaung taw-suka-ban Syzygium jambos Viscum cruciatum Passifora foetida tamibaw taung-magyi taw-thabut Caryota mitis Albizia odoratissima Momordica cochinchinensis tamilnadia taung-mayo taw-thi-din Tamilnadia uliginosa Alstonia scholaris Mallotus philippensis tanah toung taung-meok taw-wah Ricinus communis Alstonia scholaris Abelmoschus moschatus tanah-con-kamor taung-petwun taw-yinma Plumbago zeylanica Pterospermum acerifolium Chukrasia tabularis 294 Robert A. Krupnick / PhytoKeys 102: 1�341 (2018) taw-zalat Scoparia dulcis Amherstia nobilis Tabernaemontana divaricata thagya-hlandin thawka-po taw-zi Tadehagi triquetrum Saraca indica Ziziphus rugosa thagyar makike thaya-muli taya Orthosiphon aristatus Aristolochia indica Phyllanthus emblica thakabti thayet tayaw Schleichera oleosa Mangifera indica Grewia hirsuta tha-khwar-thi thayet-phyu tayaw-ni Cucumis sativus Mangifera indica Kydia calycina thakut-pho thayet-skinny-baung tayaw-nyo-nye Stereospermum colais Buchanania lancifolia Gouania leptostachya thakut-po theban tayokenan-nan Stereospermum colais Quassia indica Apium graveolens thale thebla tayoksaga-ani tayok-saga Punica granatum Gmelina arborea Plumeria rubra tha-min-sa-hpru-thi thelaw tayok-the Catunaregam spinosa Careya arborea Bischofa javanica tha-myet thetyin-gyi tayok-zi Momordica cochinchinensis Croton persimilis Litchi chinensis thanakha thi ta-zaung Limonia acidissima Limonia acidissima Euphorbia neriifolia thanat thiag-riang tazaung-gyi Cordia dichotoma Terminalia bellirica Euphorbia antiquorum Cordia myxa thi-ha-yaza tazaung-pyathat thanat-kha Limonia acidissima Euphorbia antiquorum Chloranthus elatior thiho-thayet the thanat-pyit-see Anacardium occidentale Diospyros mollis Pogostemon cablin thinbauk-nanat teak thanbayar Agave sisalana Tectona grandis Citrus aurantiifolia thinbaw tellicherry bark than-bayo Carica papaya Holarrhena pubescens Citrus limon thinbaw kyet-hsu Terminalia chebula thande Ricinus communis thabye-kyet-chi Stereospermum colais thinbaw-adalut Syzygium cumini thankaungh Maranta arundinacea thabye-phyu Terminalia chebula thinbaw-kanako Syzygium cumini than-manaing-kyauk-manaing Jatropha gossypiifolia thabye-shin Alysicarpus vaginalis thinbaw-kyetsu Syzygium nervosum than-tat Jatropha curcas thabyetsi-bin Stereospermum colais skinny-baw-kyetsy Sida spinosa than-tay Jatropha curcas thabyu Stereospermum colais thinbaw-letpan Dillenia indica than-that-gyi Ceiba pentandra thabyu-thaby Aphanamixis polystachya thinbaw-ma-hnyoe Syzygium jambos thanut Catharanthus roseus thabyu-thabye Cordia dichotoma thinbaw-ma-hnyo-pan Syzygium jambos thauk-kya Catharanthus roseus tha-dut Vitex glabrata thinbaw-ma-hnyo-pan-aphyu Ficus semicordata thawka Catharanthus roseus thagya Amherstia nobilis thinbaw-mezali Manilkara zapota Saraca indica Senna alata thagya-bin thawka-gyi Senna alexandrina The medicinal crops of Myanmar 295 skinny-baw-na-nat Helicteres isora Ageratum conyzoides Agave vera-cruz thun-vong true ginger thinbaw-te Gmelina arborea Zingiber ofcinale Polyalthia longifolia ti plant true hemp thinbaw-tidin Cordyline fruticosa Cannabis sativa Bixa orellana tick clover true sandalwood thinbaw-zalut Phyllodium pulchellum Santalum album Kopsia fruticosa Tadehagi triquetrum trumpet fower thinbaw-zibyu tick trefoil Stereospermum colais Phyllanthus acidus Phyllodium pulchellum trumpet-bush thingbaung Tadehagi triquetrum Tecoma stans Buchanania lancifolia tigers claw tubefower thingu-gyat Martynia annua Clerodendrum indicum Flemingia strobilifera tikayon Rotheca incisa skinny-paung Mimosa pudica tumeric Hibiscus vitifolius tike-pan Curcuma comosa thitcho-khaya Clerodendrum thomsoniae tummy wood Mimusops elengi tike-tot-grine Careya arborea thit-hmwe Convolvulus arvensis tun-kong Aquilaria malaccensis tila-pup-hpi Jatropha curcas thit-jaboe Digitalis purpurea tun-paw-man Cinnamomum tamala tingkyut Cordia dichotoma thit-kado Helicteres isora tun-sa-se Toona sureni tinnevelly senna Acacia catechu thit-kyabo Senna alexandrina turkey bush Cinnamomum bejolghota tiu khon tree Grewia polygama Cinnamomum verum Cratoxylum formosum turmeric thit-magyi tnhlium Curcuma longa Albizia odoratissima Salix tetrasperma turnsole thit-ni to-ma-awn Heliotropium indicum Aglaia cucullata Mucuna pruriens turpeth root Aphanamixis polystachya toon Ipomoea alba thit-seint Ricinus communis twinnet Terminalia bellirica touch-me-not Ichnocarpus frutescens thitsi-bo Mimosa pudica twinnet-kado Semecarpus anacardium tree cotton Ichnocarpus frutescens thitto Gossypium barbadense ulat-kam-bala Sandoricum koetjape tree crinum Abroma augustum thitya-byu Crinum asiaticum umawng Schima wallichii tropical almond Croton persimilis thityah Terminalia catappa umbrella tree Schima wallichii tropical bleeding coronary heart Schefera venulosa thitya-ni Clerodendrum thomsoniae umung Schima wallichii tropical fanleaf Mangifera indica thorn apple Hibiscus vitifolius upas tree Datura metel tropical laurel Antiaris toxicaria Datura stramonium Ficus benjamina u-wa-yaing thorny amaranthus tropical rose mallow Daucus carota Amaranthus spinosus Hibiscus vitifolius varnishtree threelobe false mallow tropical white morning-glory Semecarpus anacardium Malvastrum coromandelianum Ipomoea alba vegetable humming-bird thunge-che tropical whiteweed Sesbania grandifora 296 Robert A. Krupnick / PhytoKeys 102: 1�341 (2018) vegetable sponge Persicaria chinensis Mentha arvensis Lufa cylindrica Pteridium aquilinum wild oil nut velvet bean moist-myet-nyo Jatropha curcas Mucuna pruriens Cyperus scariosus wild okra velvet leaf white butterfy bush Abelmoschus esculentus Cissampelos pareira Buddleja asiatica wild portulaca vinca white cedar Portulaca oleracea Catharanthus roseus Aphanamixis polystachya wild safron wachyang white eclipta Carthamus tinctorius Melastoma malabathricum Eclipta prostrata wild sage wadalee-gum tree white gourd Lantana fl aculeata Acacia catechu Benincasa hispida wild sarsaparilla wagangga white heads Smilax guianensis Melastoma malabathricum Eclipta prostrata wild snake gourd wah white leadwort Coccinia grandis Gossypium hirsutum Plumbago zeylanica wild tamarind Wallich milk parsely white mans foot Leucaena leucocephala Selinum wallichianum Plantago major wild water-lemon wa-mayar white mustard Passifora foetida Litchi chinensis Sinapis alba wildhops wa-pasang white pavetta Flemingia strobilifera Syzygium jambos Pavetta indica willow wa-passan white sandalwood Salix tetrasperma Syzygium cumini Santalum album wine palm water cress white silk-cottontree Caryota mitis Enydra fuctuans Ceiba pentandra wine-baing water-flter nut white-barked acacia Cymbopogon citratus Strychnos potatorum Acacia leucophloea winter cherry waterspinach wild balsam apple Cardiospermum halicacabum Ipomoea aquatica Momordica charantia winterberry wa-u-bin wild cabbage Euonymus kachinensis Amorphophallus paeoniifolius Brassica oleracea wodier wa-u-pin wild carrot Lannea coromandelica Amorphophallus paeoniifolius Daucus carota womans tongue wax gourd wild cassia Albizia lebbeck Benincasa hispida Cinnamomum bejolghota surprise-tree weak horsetail wild celery Ricinus communis Equisetum ramosissimum sub Apium graveolens wood apple sp. Krupnick / PhytoKeys 102: 1�341 (2018) Appendix 2 Species index Abelmoschus esculentus (Malvaceae) Aphanamixis polystachya (Meliaceae) Abelmoschus moschatus (Malvaceae) Apium graveolens (Apiaceae) Abroma augustum (Malvaceae) Aquilaria malaccensis (Tymelaeaceae) Abrus precatorius (Fabaceae) Arachis hypogaea (Fabaceae) Acacia catechu (Fabaceae) Archidendron jiringa (Fabaceae) Acacia concinna (Fabaceae) Ardisia humilis (Primulaceae) Acacia farnesiana (Fabaceae) Argemone mexicana (Papaveraceae) Acacia leucophloea (Fabaceae) Aristolochia indica (Aristolochiaceae) Acacia nilotica (Fabaceae) Aristolochia tagala (Aristolochiaceae) Acacia pennata (Fabaceae) Artabotrys hexapetalus (Annonaceae) Acalypha indica (Euphorbiaceae) Artemisia dracunculus (Asteraceae) Acalypha wilkesiana (Euphorbiaceae) Artocarpus heterophyllus (Moraceae) Acanthus ilicifolius (Acanthaceae) Artocarpus lakoocha (Moraceae) Achyranthes aspera (Amaranthaceae) Arundo donax (Poaceae) Acorus calamus (Acoraceae) Asclepias curassavica (Apocynaceae) Adenanthera pavonina (Fabaceae) Asparagus flicinus (Asparagaceae) Aeginetia indica (Orobanchaceae) Asparagus ofcinalis (Asparagaceae) Aegle marmelos (Rutaceae) Averrhoa carambola (Oxalidaceae) Aerva javanica (Amaranthaceae) Avicennia ofcinalis (Acanthaceae) Agave sisalana (Asparagaceae) Azadirachta indica (Meliaceae) Agave vera-cruz (Asparagaceae) Bambusa bambos (Poaceae) Aglaia cucullata (Meliaceae) Barleria prionitis (Acanthaceae) Ageratum conyzoides (Asteraceae) Barringtonia acutangula (Lecythidaceae) Agrimonia eupatoria (Rosaceae) Basella alba (Basellaceae) Albizia lebbeck (Fabaceae) Bauhinia acuminata (Fabaceae) Albizia odoratissima (Fabaceae) Bauhinia purpurea (Fabaceae) Allamanda cathartica (Apocynaceae) Benincasa hispida (Cucurbitaceae) Allium cepa (Amaryllidaceae) Berberis nepalensis (Berberidaceae) Allium sativum (Amaryllidaceae) Bischofa javanica (Phyllanthaceae) Alnus nepalensis (Betulaceae) Bixa orellana (Bixaceae) Aloe vera (Asphodelaceae) Blumea balsamifera (Asteraceae) Alpinia galanga (Zingiberaceae) Boehmeria nivea (Urticaceae) Alpinia ofcinarum (Zingiberaceae) Boerhavia difusa (Nyctaginaceae) Alstonia scholaris (Apocynaceae) Bombax ceiba (Malvaceae) Alternanthera sessilis (Amaranthaceae) Bougainvillea spectabilis (Nyctaginaceae) Altingia excelsa (Altingiaceae) Brassica oleracea (Brassicaceae) Alysicarpus vaginalis (Fabaceae) Bridelia retusa (Phyllanthaceae) Amaranthus cruentus (Amaranthaceae) Brugmansia arborea (Solanaceae) Amaranthus spinosus (Amaranthaceae) Brugmansia suaveolens (Solanaceae) Amherstia nobilis (Fabaceae) Bryophyllum pinnatum (Crassulaceae) Amorphophallus paeoniifolius (Araceae) Buddleja asiatica (Scrophulariaceae) Anacardium occidentale (Anacardiaceae) Buchanania lancifolia (Anacardiaceae) Andrographis paniculata (Acanthaceae) Butea monosperma (Fabaceae) Anethum graveolens (Apiaceae) Butea superba (Fabaceae) Anneslea fragrans (Pentaphylacaceae) Caesalpinia pulcherrima (Fabaceae) Annona squamosa (Annonaceae) Callicarpa macrophylla (Lamiaceae) Antiaris toxicaria (Moraceae) Calophyllum inophyllum (Calophyllaceae) The medicinal crops of Myanmar 299 Calotropis gigantea (Apocynaceae) Colocasia antiquorum (Araceae) Calotropis procera (Apocynaceae) Combretum indicum (Combretaceae) Cananga odorata (Annonaceae) Commelina paludosa (Commelinaceae) Canavalia ensiformis (Fabaceae) Commicarpus chinensis (Nyctaginaceae) Canna indica (Cannaceae) Convolvulus arvensis (Convolvulaceae) Cannabis sativa (Cannabaceae) Coptis teeta (Ranunculaceae) Capparis favicans (Capparaceae) Cordia dichotoma (Boraginaceae) Capparis zeylanica (Capparaceae) Cordia myxa (Boraginaceae) Capsicum annuum (Solanaceae) Cordyline fruticosa (Laxmanniaceae) Carallia brachiata (Rhizophoraceae) Coriandrum sativum (Apiaceae) Cardiospermum halicacabum (Sapindaceae) Coriaria nepalensis (Coriariaceae) Careya arborea (Lecythidaceae) Crateva religiosa (Capparaceae) Carica papaya (Caricaceae) Cratoxylum formosum (Hypericaceae) Carissa spinarum (Apocynaceae) Crinum asiaticum (Amaryllidaceae) Carthamus tinctorius (Asteraceae) Croton persimilis (Euphorbiaceae) Caryota mitis (Arecaceae) Croton tiglium (Euphorbiaceae) Cascabela thevetia (Apocynaceae) Cucumis sativus (Cucurbitaceae) Cassia fstula (Fabaceae) Cullen corylifolium (Fabaceae) Casuarina equisetifolia (Casuarinaceae) Cupressus goveniana (Cupressaceae) Catharanthus roseus (Apocynaceae) Curcuma comosa (Zingiberaceae) Catunaregam spinosa (Rubiaceae) Curcuma longa (Zingiberaceae) Ceiba pentandra (Malvaceae) Curcuma zedoaria (Zingiberaceae) Celastrus paniculatus (Celastraceae) Cuscuta refexa (Convolvulaceae) Celosia argentea (Amaranthaceae) Cyanthillium cinereum (Asteraceae) Centella asiatica (Apiaceae) Cycas rumphii (Cycadaceae) Chamaecrista pumila (Fabaceae) Cymbopogon citratus (Poaceae) Cheilocostus speciosus (Costaceae) Cymbopogon jwarancusa (Poaceae) Chenopodium album (Amaranthaceae) Cymbopogon nardus (Poaceae) Chloranthus elatior (Chloranthaceae) Cynometra ramifora (Fabaceae) Chromolaena odorata (Asteraceae) Cyperus scariosus (Cyperaceae) Chrozophora plicata (Euphorbiaceae) Dactyloctenium aegyptium (Poaceae) Chukrasia tabularis (Meliaceae) Datura metel (Solanaceae) Cinnamomum bejolghota (Lauraceae) Datura stramonium (Solanaceae) Cinnamomum camphora (Lauraceae) Daucus carota (Apiaceae) Cinnamomum tamala (Lauraceae) Delonix regia (Fabaceae) Cinnamomum verum (Lauraceae) Dicranopteris linearis (Gleicheniaceae) Cissampelos pareira (Menispermaceae) Digitalis lanata (Plantaginaceae) Citrus aurantiifolia (Rutaceae) Digitalis purpurea (Plantaginaceae) Citrus fl aurantium (Rutaceae) Dillenia indica (Dilleniaceae) Citrus limon (Rutaceae) Dimocarpus longan (Sapindaceae) Claoxylon indicum (Euphorbiaceae) Diospyros malabarica (Ebenaceae) Clausena excavata (Rutaceae) Diospyros mollis (Ebenaceae) Clematis smilacifolia (Ranunculaceae) Dioscorea bulbifera (Dioscoreaceae) Cleome gynandra (Cleomaceae) Dioscorea pentaphylla (Dioscoreaceae) Clerodendrum indicum (Lamiaceae) Dodonaea viscosa (Sapindaceae) Clerodendrum infortunatum (Lamiaceae) Dracaena angustifolia (Asparagaceae) Clerodendrum thomsoniae (Lamiaceae) Dregea volubilis (Apocynaceae) Clitoria ternatea (Fabaceae) Dysphania ambrosioides (Amaranthaceae) Coccinia grandis (Crassulaceae) Eclipta prostrata (Asteraceae) Cofea arabica (Rubiaceae) Elephantopus scaber (Asteraceae) Coix lacryma-jobi (Poaceae) Elettaria cardamomum (Zingiberaceae) Colebrookea oppositifolia (Lamiaceae) Emilia sonchifolia (Asteraceae) 300 Robert A. Krupnick / PhytoKeys 102: 1�341 (2018) Enydra fuctuans (Asteraceae) Hydnocarpus kurzii (Achariaceae) Entada phaseoloides (Fabaceae) Hydrolea zeylanica (Hydroleaceae) Equisetum ramosissimum subsp. Krupnick / PhytoKeys 102: 1�341 (2018) Solanum melongena (Solanaceae) Tunbergia laurifolia (Acanthaceae) Solanum rudepannum (Solanaceae) Tinospora cordifolia (Menispermaceae) Spatholobus parviforus (Fabaceae) Toona sureni (Meliaceae) Spermacoce hispida (Rubiaceae) Trachyspermum ammi (Apiaceae) Spondias pinnata (Anacardiaceae) Trachyspermum roxburghianum (Apiaceae) Stachytarpheta indica (Verbenaceae) Tradescantia spathacea (Commelinaceae) Stereospermum chelonoides (Bignoniaceae) Trichosanthes tricuspidata (Cucurbitaceae) Stereospermum colais (Bignoniaceae) Triumfetta rhomboidea (Malvaceae) Streblus asper (Moraceae) Typhonium trilobatum (Araceae) Strobilanthes auriculatus (Acanthaceae) Urena lobata (Malvaceae) Strychnos potatorum (Loganiaceae) Urtica dioica (Urticaceae) Strychnos wallichiana (Loganiaceae) Urtica parvifora (Urticaceae) Swertia chirayita (Gentianaceae) Vaccaria hispanica (Caryophyllaceae) Symplocos racemosa (Symplocaceae) Vallaris solanacea (Apocynaceae) Syzygium aromaticum (Myrtaceae) Ventilago denticulata (Rhamnaceae) Syzygium cumini (Myrtaceae) Verbena ofcinalis (Verbenaceae) Syzygium jambos (Myrtaceae) Viscum cruciatum (Santalaceae) Syzygium nervosum (Myrtaceae) Vitex glabrata (Lamiaceae) Tabernaemontana divaricata (Apocynaceae) Vitex negundo (Lamiaceae) Tadehagi triquetrum (Fabaceae) Vitex trifolia (Lamiaceae) Tagetes erecta (Asteraceae) Volkameria inermis (Lamiaceae) Tamarindus indica (Fabaceae) Walsura pinnata (Meliaceae) Tamilnadia uliginosa (Rubiaceae) Woodfordia fruticosa (Lythraceae) Tanacetum cinerariifolium (Asteraceae) Wrightia arborea (Apocynaceae) Taxus baccata (Taxaceae) Xylia xylocarpa (Fabaceae) Tecoma stans (Bignoniaceae) Xylocarpus granatum (Meliaceae) Tectona grandis (Lamiaceae) Xylocarpus moluccensis (Meliaceae) Tephrosia purpurea (Fabaceae) Zanthoxylum acanthopodium (Rutaceae) Terminalia bellirica (Combretaceae) Zea mays (Poaceae) Terminalia catappa (Combretaceae) Zingiber montanum (Zingiberaceae) Terminalia chebula (Combretaceae) Zingiber ofcinale (Zingiberaceae) Terminalia citrina (Combretaceae) Zingiber zerumbet (Zingiberaceae) Terminalia tomentosa (Combretaceae) Ziziphus jujuba (Rhamnaceae) Tunbergia erecta (Acanthaceae) Ziziphus rugosa (Rhamnaceae) Appendix 3 Medicinal index Abdominal sicknesses Acne Aquilaria malaccensis (Tymelaeaceae) Aerva javanica (Amaranthaceae) Abortive Cardiospermum halicacabum (Sapindaceae) Buddleja asiatica (Scrophulariaceae) Alcoholism Gloriosa superba (Colchicaceae) Croton persimilis (Euphorbiaceae) Momordica charantia (Cucurbitaceae) Alertness Pithecellobium dulce (Fabaceae) Annona squamosa (Annonaceae) Sesamum indicum (Pedaliaceae) Analgesic Abscesses Cannabis sativa (Cannabaceae) Alstonia scholaris (Apocynaceae) Elephantopus scaber (Asteraceae) Artocarpus heterophyllus (Moraceae) Flemingia chappar (Fabaceae) The medicinal crops of Myanmar 303 Momordica charantia (Cucurbitaceae) Dicranopteris linearis (Gleicheniaceae) Tagetes erecta (Asteraceae) Evolvulus alsinoides (Convolvulaceae) Anemia Mangifera indica (Anacardiaceae) Asparagus ofcinalis (Asparagaceae) Pothos scandens (Araceae) Cardiospermum halicacabum (Sapindaceae) Semecarpus anacardium (Anacardiaceae) Convolvulus arvensis (Convolvulaceae) Antidysenteric Fritillaria cirrhosa (Liliaceae) Antiaris toxicaria (Moraceae) Mansonia gagei (Malvaceae) Eurycoma longifolia (Simaroubaceae) Momordica charantia (Cucurbitaceae) Terminalia chebula (Combretaceae) Plumbago indica (Plumbaginaceae) Antiemetic Rauvolfa serpentina (Apocynaceae) Ficus religiosa (Moraceae) Sesbania grandifora (Fabaceae) Syzygium aromaticum (Myrtaceae) Terminalia bellirica (Combretaceae) Antiherpetic Terminalia citrina (Combretaceae) Cynometra ramifora (Fabaceae) Anodyne Antihysteric Cannabis sativa (Cannabaceae) Abelmoschus moschatus (Malvaceae) Dactyloctenium aegyptium (Poaceae) Antiparasitic Anthelmintic Tanacetum cinerariifolium (Asteraceae) Acalypha indica (Euphorbiaceae) Antiphylogistic Anacardium occidentale (Anacardiaceae) Viscum cruciatum (Santalaceae) Andrographis paniculata (Acanthaceae) Antipyretic Asparagus flicinus (Asparagaceae) Andrographis paniculata (Acanthaceae) Azadirachta indica (Meliaceae) Antiaris toxicaria (Moraceae) Calotropis gigantea (Apocynaceae) Barleria prionitis (Acanthaceae) Cordia dichotoma (Boraginaceae) Bixa orellana (Bixaceae) Cucumis sativus (Cucurbitaceae) Celosia argentea (Amaranthaceae) Dicranopteris linearis (Gleicheniaceae) Cissampelos pareira (Menispermaceae) Diospyros mollis (Ebenaceae) Cleome gynandra (Cleomaceae) Dysphania ambrosioides (Amaranthaceae) Clerodendrum infortunatum (Lamiaceae) Emilia sonchifolia (Asteraceae) Commelina paludosa (Commelinaceae) Evolvulus alsinoides (Convolvulaceae) Delonix regia (Fabaceae) Grangea maderaspatana (Asteraceae) Dicranopteris linearis (Gleicheniaceae) Jatropha curcas (Euphorbiaceae) Elephantopus scaber (Asteraceae) Mallotus philippensis (Euphorbiaceae) Emilia sonchifolia (Asteraceae) Momordica charantia (Cucurbitaceae) Entada phaseoloides (Fabaceae) Oldenlandia corymbosa (Rubiaceae) Erythrina variegata (Fabaceae) Pteridium aquilinum (Dennstaedtiaceae) Grangea maderaspatana (Asteraceae) Punica granatum (Lythraceae) Hymenodictyon orixense (Rubiaceae) Ricinus communis (Euphorbiaceae) Ichnocarpus frutescens (Apocynaceae) Saraca indica (Fabaceae) Lablab purpureus (Fabaceae) Schima wallichii (Teaceae) Manilkara zapota (Sapotaceae) Selinum wallichianum (Apiaceae) Momordica charantia (Cucurbitaceae) Tephrosia purpurea (Fabaceae) Nauclea orientalis (Rubiaceae) Antiasthmatic Neolamarckia cadamba (Rubiaceae) Achyranthes aspera (Amaranthaceae) Nymphaea rubra (Nymphaeaceae) Artemisia dracunculus (Asteraceae) Ocimum americanum (Lamiaceae) Brugmansia arborea (Solanaceae) Ocimum tenuiforum (Lamiaceae) Brugmansia suaveolens (Solanaceae) Oldenlandia corymbosa (Rubiaceae) Calotropis gigantea (Apocynaceae) Polyalthia longifolia (Annonaceae) Cullen corylifolium (Fabaceae) Salix tetrasperma (Salicaceae) Cyanthillium cinereum (Asteraceae) Stereospermum chelonoides (Bignoniaceae) Datura stramonium (Solanaceae) Stereospermum colais (Bignoniaceae) 304 Robert A. Krupnick / PhytoKeys 102: 1�341 (2018) Swertia chirayita (Gentianaceae) Mucuna pruriens (Fabaceae) Syzygium aromaticum (Myrtaceae) Appetite improver Tephrosia purpurea (Fabaceae) Acacia pennata (Fabaceae) Vitex trifolia (Lamiaceae) Allium cepa (Amaryllidaceae) Zanthoxylum acanthopodium (Rutaceae) Allium sativum (Amaryllidaceae) Antirheumatic Alpinia galanga (Zingiberaceae) Clematis smilacifolia (Ranunculaceae) Andrographis paniculata (Acanthaceae) Paederia foetida (Rubiaceae) Arundo donax (Poaceae) Sesamum indicum (Pedaliaceae) Canna indica (Cannaceae) Antiscorbutic Citrus aurantiifolia (Rutaceae) Persicaria chinensis (Polygonaceae) Citrus limon (Rutaceae) Phyllanthus emblica (Phyllanthaceae) Coix lacryma-jobi (Poaceae) Spondias pinnata (Anacardiaceae) Croton tiglium (Euphorbiaceae) Antiseptic Curcuma comosa (Zingiberaceae) Ageratum conyzoides (Asteraceae) Cymbopogon citratus (Poaceae) Annona squamosa (Annonaceae) Cyperus scariosus (Cyperaceae) Artemisia dracunculus (Asteraceae) Dregea volubilis (Apocynaceae) Bischofa javanica (Phyllanthaceae) Ficus religiosa (Moraceae) Blumea balsamifera (Asteraceae) Fritillaria cirrhosa (Liliaceae) Carissa spinarum (Apocynaceae) Ixora coccinea (Rubiaceae) Colebrookea oppositifolia (Lamiaceae) Momordica charantia (Cucurbitaceae) Justicia adhatoda (Acanthaceae) Moringa oleifera (Moringaceae) Mimosa pudica (Fabaceae) Myristica fragrans (Myristicaceae) Salvia ofcinalis (Lamiaceae) Ocimum americanum (Lamiaceae) Selinum wallichianum (Apiaceae) Piper betle (Piperaceae) Tagetes erecta (Asteraceae) Piper nigrum (Piperaceae) Antispasmodic Plumbago indica (Plumbaginaceae) Abelmoschus moschatus (Malvaceae) Plumbago zeylanica (Plumbaginaceae) Anethum graveolens (Apiaceae) Rotheca serrata (Lamiaceae) Blumea balsamifera (Asteraceae) Solanum anguivi (Solanaceae) Cinnamomum camphora (Lauraceae) Tanacetum cinerariifolium (Asteraceae) Clausena excavata (Rutaceae) Tinospora cordifolia (Menispermaceae) Cymbopogon nardus (Poaceae) Trachyspermum ammi (Apiaceae) Dactyloctenium aegyptium (Poaceae) Zingiber ofcinale (Zingiberaceae) Grangea maderaspatana (Asteraceae) Arthritis Lablab purpureus (Fabaceae) Croton persimilis (Euphorbiaceae) Lantana fl aculeata (Verbenaceae) Morinda citrifolia (Rubiaceae) Salvia ofcinalis (Lamiaceae) Ascites. Solanum anguivi (Solanaceae) Allamanda cathartica (Apocynaceae) Taxus baccata (Taxaceae) Asthma Antisyphilitic Acacia pennata (Fabaceae) Tecoma stans (Bignoniaceae) Acalypha indica (Euphorbiaceae) Anxiety Aloe vera (Asphodelaceae) Tinospora cordifolia (Menispermaceae) Alpinia galanga (Zingiberaceae) Aperient. Alstonia scholaris (Apocynaceae) Aphrodisiac Aquilaria malaccensis (Tymelaeaceae) Avicennia ofcinalis (Acanthaceae) Benincasa hispida (Cucurbitaceae) Celosia argentea (Amaranthaceae) Boerhavia difusa (Nyctaginaceae) Cinnamomum verum (Lauraceae) Calotropis procera (Apocynaceae) Cycas rumphii (Cycadaceae) Cinnamomum camphora (Lauraceae) Hygrophila auriculata (Acanthaceae) Citrus aurantiifolia (Rutaceae) Momordica charantia (Cucurbitaceae) Citrus limon (Rutaceae) The medicinal crops of Myanmar 305 Clerodendrum indicum (Lamiaceae) Arundo donax (Poaceae) Coccinia grandis (Crassulaceae) Asclepias curassavica (Apocynaceae) Coptis teeta (Ranunculaceae) Bauhinia purpurea (Fabaceae) Coriandrum sativum (Apiaceae) Bixa orellana (Bixaceae) Curcuma comosa (Zingiberaceae) Bombax ceiba (Malvaceae) Curcuma longa (Zingiberaceae) Bridelia retusa (Phyllanthaceae) Cyperus scariosus (Cyperaceae) Butea monosperma (Fabaceae) Datura metel (Solanaceae) Caesalpinia pulcherrima (Fabaceae) Datura stramonium (Solanaceae) Ceiba pentandra (Malvaceae) Dregea volubilis (Apocynaceae) Chukrasia tabularis (Meliaceae) Eclipta prostrata (Asteraceae) Gloriosa superba (Colchicaceae) Elettaria cardamomum (Zingiberaceae) Grewia asiatica (Malvaceae) Eucalyptus globulus (Myrtaceae) Ipomoea alba (Convolvulaceae) Euphorbia hirta (Euphorbiaceae) Lagerstroemia speciosa (Lythraceae) Euphorbia neriifolia (Euphorbiaceae) Lannea coromandelica (Anacardiaceae) Ficus religiosa (Moraceae) Leea macrophylla (Vitaceae) Fritillaria cirrhosa (Liliaceae) Mangifera indica (Anacardiaceae) Garuga pinnata (Burseraceae) Memecylon edule (Melastomataceae) Justicia adhatoda (Acanthaceae) Mesua ferrea (Calophyllaceae) Leucas cephalotes (Lamiaceae) Mimosa pudica (Fabaceae) Mentha arvensis (Lamiaceae) Momordica charantia (Cucurbitaceae) Mimosa pudica (Fabaceae) Moringa oleifera (Moringaceae) Monochoria vaginalis (Pontederiaceae) Oroxylum indicum (Bignoniaceae) Morinda angustifolia (Rubiaceae) Phyllanthus emblica (Phyllanthaceae) Ocimum americanum (Lamiaceae) Phyllodium pulchellum (Fabaceae) Oroxylum indicum (Bignoniaceae) Pterospermum acerifolium (Malvaceae) Passifora foetida (Passiforaceae) Punica granatum (Lythraceae) Phyllanthus emblica (Phyllanthaceae) Rauvolfa serpentina (Apocynaceae) Piper betle (Piperaceae) Rhus chinensis (Anacardiaceae) Piper cubeba (Piperaceae) Salvia ofcinalis (Lamiaceae) Piper nigrum (Piperaceae) Saraca indica (Fabaceae) Plumeria rubra (Apocynaceae) Schleichera oleosa (Sapindaceae) Ricinus communis (Euphorbiaceae) Semecarpus anacardium (Anacardiaceae) Rotheca serrata (Lamiaceae) Senna alata (Fabaceae) Senna alata (Fabaceae) Senna auriculata (Fabaceae) Solanum anguivi (Solanaceae) Senna sulfurea (Fabaceae) Terminalia bellirica (Combretaceae) Tectona grandis (Lamiaceae) Terminalia citrina (Combretaceae) Terminalia catappa (Combretaceae) Trichosanthes tricuspidata (Cucurbitaceae) Terminalia chebula (Combretaceae) Urena lobata (Malvaceae) Terminalia tomentosa (Combretaceae) Volkameria inermis (Lamiaceae) Toona sureni (Meliaceae) Zingiber montanum (Zingiberaceae) Vitex glabrata (Lamiaceae) Zingiber ofcinale (Zingiberaceae) Xylia xylocarpa (Fabaceae) Astringent Xylocarpus granatum (Meliaceae) Acacia catechu (Fabaceae) Xylocarpus moluccensis (Meliaceae) Acacia leucophloea (Fabaceae) Bad breath. Acacia nilotica (Fabaceae) Baldness Acacia pennata (Fabaceae) Eclipta prostrata (Asteraceae) Agrimonia eupatoria (Rosaceae) Beriberi Alnus nepalensis (Betulaceae) Alstonia scholaris (Apocynaceae) Aphanamixis polystachya (Meliaceae) Bile Artocarpus lakoocha (Moraceae) Acacia pennata (Fabaceae) 306 Robert A. Krupnick / PhytoKeys 102: 1�341 (2018) Azadirachta indica (Meliaceae) Fritillaria cirrhosa (Liliaceae) Benincasa hispida (Cucurbitaceae) Gloriosa superba (Colchicaceae) Calophyllum inophyllum (Calophyllaceae) Hiptage benghalensis (Malpighiceae) Carica papaya (Caricaceae) Senna sulfurea (Fabaceae) Cinnamomum tamala (Lauraceae) Swertia chirayita (Gentianaceae) Citrus aurantiifolia (Rutaceae) Tinospora cordifolia (Menispermaceae) Coccinia grandis (Crassulaceae) Verbena ofcinalis (Verbenaceae) Coix lacryma-jobi (Poaceae) Bladder disease Commelina paludosa (Commelinaceae) Allium sativum (Amaryllidaceae) Cuscuta refexa (Convolvulaceae) Amorphophallus paeoniifolius (Araceae) Ficus religiosa (Moraceae) Arundo donax (Poaceae) Flacourtia jangomas (Salicaceae) Butea monosperma (Fabaceae) Gossypium barbadense (Malvaceae) Magnolia champaca (Magnoliaceae) Gossypium hirsutum (Malvaceae) Orthosiphon aristatus (Lamiaceae) Holarrhena pubescens (Apocynaceae) Pogostemon cablin (Lamiaceae) Justicia adhatoda (Acanthaceae) Ricinus communis (Euphorbiaceae) Limonia acidissima (Rutaceae) -stones Magnolia champaca (Magnoliaceae) Aloe vera (Asphodelaceae) Mimosa pudica (Fabaceae) Curcuma longa (Zingiberaceae) Momordica charantia (Cucurbitaceae) Mirabilis jalapa (Nyctaginaceae) Morinda angustifolia (Rubiaceae) Bleeding Ocimum americanum (Lamiaceae) Acalypha indica (Euphorbiaceae) Plumbago zeylanica (Plumbaginaceae) Aquilaria malaccensis (Tymelaeaceae) Ricinus communis (Euphorbiaceae) Benincasa hispida (Cucurbitaceae) Senna alexandrina (Fabaceae) Butea monosperma (Fabaceae) Senna sulfurea (Fabaceae) Cinnamomum tamala (Lauraceae) Tunbergia erecta (Acanthaceae) Diospyros malabarica (Ebenaceae) Tinospora cordifolia (Menispermaceae) Ipomoea aquatica (Convolvulaceae) Urena lobata (Malvaceae) Mucuna pruriens (Fabaceae) Bites Plantago major (Plantaginaceae) -cat Tanacetum cinerariifolium (Asteraceae) Mentha arvensis (Lamiaceae) Terminalia citrina (Combretaceae) -insect Terminalia chebula (Combretaceae) Verbena ofcinalis (Verbenaceae) -ears -rabid dog Aegle marmelos (Rutaceae) Momordica charantia (Cucurbitaceae) -gums Piper nigrum (Piperaceae) Acacia pennata (Fabaceae) -snake Aegle marmelos (Rutaceae) Acacia concinna (Fabaceae) Citrus aurantiifolia (Rutaceae) Acanthus ilicifolius (Acanthaceae) -in urine Careya arborea (Lecythidaceae) Piper longum (Piperaceae) Coptis teeta (Ranunculaceae) Pogostemon cablin (Lamiaceae) Croton persimilis (Euphorbiaceae) Scoparia dulcis (Plantaginaceae) Gossypium barbadense (Malvaceae) Tadehagi triquetrum (Fabaceae) Gossypium hirsutum (Malvaceae) -menstrual Jasminum multiforum (Oleaceae) Gossypium barbadense (Malvaceae) Mesua ferrea (Calophyllaceae) Gossypium hirsutum (Malvaceae) Nerium oleander (Apocynaceae) Mesua ferrea (Calophyllaceae) Zingiber montanum (Zingiberaceae) Ipomoea aquatica (Convolvulaceae) Bitter -nosebleeds Arundo donax (Poaceae) Amaranthus spinosus (Amaranthaceae) Azadirachta indica (Meliaceae) Citrus aurantiifolia (Rutaceae) The medicinal crops of Myanmar 307 Cordyline fruticosa (Laxmanniaceae) Amaranthus cruentus (Amaranthaceae) Morinda angustifolia (Rubiaceae) Amaranthus spinosus (Amaranthaceae) Piper nigrum (Piperaceae) Anneslea fragrans (Pentaphylacaceae) Solanum anguivi (Solanaceae) Carica papaya (Caricaceae) Bloating Citrus limon (Rutaceae) Acacia concinna (Fabaceae) Coix lacryma-jobi (Poaceae) Acorus calamus (Acoraceae) Curcuma longa (Zingiberaceae) Boerhavia difusa (Nyctaginaceae) Dracaena angustifolia (Asparagaceae) Cardiospermum halicacabum (Sapindaceae) Hydnocarpus kurzii (Achariaceae) Citrus aurantiifolia (Rutaceae) Myristica fragrans (Myristicaceae) Curcuma longa (Zingiberaceae) Nymphaea rubra (Nymphaeaceae) Eucalyptus globulus (Myrtaceae) Piper cubeba (Piperaceae) Gloriosa superba (Colchicaceae) Plumbago zeylanica (Plumbaginaceae) Plantago major (Plantaginaceae) Terminalia chebula (Combretaceae) Plumbago indica (Plumbaginaceae) Zingiber ofcinale (Zingiberaceae) Plumbago zeylanica (Plumbaginaceae) Ziziphus jujuba (Rhamnaceae) Rotheca serrata (Lamiaceae) Boils. Semecarpus anacardium (Anacardiaceae) Abelmoschus moschatus (Malvaceae) Syzygium cumini (Myrtaceae) Albizia lebbeck (Fabaceae) Tectona grandis (Lamiaceae) Aloe vera (Asphodelaceae) Vitex trifolia (Lamiaceae) Alstonia scholaris (Apocynaceae) Blood problems Amaranthus spinosus (Amaranthaceae) Acacia farnesiana (Fabaceae) Azadirachta indica (Meliaceae) Barringtonia acutangula (Lecythidaceae) Barleria prionitis (Acanthaceae) Benincasa hispida (Cucurbitaceae) Bryophyllum pinnatum (Crassulaceae) Coccinia grandis (Crassulaceae) Crateva religiosa (Capparaceae) Ficus religiosa (Moraceae) Croton persimilis (Euphorbiaceae) Mesua ferrea (Calophyllaceae) Eclipta prostrata (Asteraceae) -abnormal Gossypium barbadense (Malvaceae) Clausena excavata (Rutaceae) Gossypium hirsutum (Malvaceae) -binding Heliotropium indicum (Boraginaceae) Calophyllum inophyllum (Calophyllaceae) Hydnocarpus kurzii (Achariaceae) -cleansing Magnolia champaca (Magnoliaceae) Ficus religiosa (Moraceae) Mesua ferrea (Calophyllaceae) Sesbania grandifora (Fabaceae) Moringa oleifera (Moringaceae) -clotting Oroxylum indicum (Bignoniaceae) Croton persimilis (Euphorbiaceae) Plumbago zeylanica (Plumbaginaceae) -irregulation Senecio densiforus (Asteraceae) Acacia pennata (Fabaceae) Senna alata (Fabaceae) Aristolochia indica (Aristolochiaceae) Syzygium aromaticum (Myrtaceae) Cuscuta refexa (Convolvulaceae) -breast Terminalia bellirica (Combretaceae) Datura stramonium (Solanaceae) -pressure -genital Apium graveolens (Apiaceae) Ficus religiosa (Moraceae) Croton persimilis (Euphorbiaceae) Bone Curcuma comosa (Zingiberaceae) -broken/fractured Curcuma longa (Zingiberaceae) Butea monosperma (Fabaceae) Morinda angustifolia (Rubiaceae) Euonymus kachinensis (Celastraceae) Moringa oleifera (Moringaceae) Jatropha multifda (Euphorbiaceae) Rauvolfa serpentina (Apocynaceae) Mirabilis jalapa (Nyctaginaceae) -purifcation -enhancements Acalypha indica (Euphorbiaceae) Carica papaya (Caricaceae) 308 Robert A. Krupnick / PhytoKeys 102: 1�341 (2018) Bowels Cardiospermum halicacabum (Sapindaceae) -complaints Euphorbia hirta (Euphorbiaceae) Aristolochia tagala (Aristolochiaceae) Senna alata (Fabaceae) Woodfordia fruticosa (Lythraceae) Bronchitis -disease Acacia pennata (Fabaceae) Cymbopogon nardus (Poaceae) Acalypha indica (Euphorbiaceae) -free bowel Aegle marmelos (Rutaceae) Nyctanthes arbor-tristis (Oleaceae) Barleria prionitis (Acanthaceae) Senna alata (Fabaceae) Benincasa hispida (Cucurbitaceae) -movements Cardiospermum halicacabum (Sapindaceae) Aegle marmelos (Rutaceae) Citrus limon (Rutaceae) Allium sativum (Amaryllidaceae) Clerodendrum indicum (Lamiaceae) Alpinia ofcinarum (Zingiberaceae) Coccinia grandis (Crassulaceae) Andrographis paniculata (Acanthaceae) Coptis teeta (Ranunculaceae) Annona squamosa (Annonaceae) Coriandrum sativum (Apiaceae) Benincasa hispida (Cucurbitaceae) Curcuma longa (Zingiberaceae) Canna indica (Cannaceae) Eucalyptus globulus (Myrtaceae) Carica papaya (Caricaceae) Euphorbia hirta (Euphorbiaceae) Cassia fstula (Fabaceae) Ficus religiosa (Moraceae) Centella asiatica (Apiaceae) Leucas cephalotes (Lamiaceae) Coptis teeta (Ranunculaceae) Limonia acidissima (Rutaceae) Cyperus scariosus (Cyperaceae) Nyctanthes arbor-tristis (Oleaceae) Cordyline fruticosa (Laxmanniaceae) Oroxylum indicum (Bignoniaceae) Croton persimilis (Euphorbiaceae) Phyllanthus emblica (Phyllanthaceae) Cymbopogon nardus (Poaceae) Piper cubeba (Piperaceae) Dillenia indica (Dilleniaceae) Piper nigrum (Piperaceae) Dregea volubilis (Apocynaceae) Rauvolfa serpentina (Apocynaceae) Leucaena leucocephala (Fabaceae) Rotheca serrata (Lamiaceae) Mentha arvensis (Lamiaceae) Urena lobata (Malvaceae) Momordica charantia (Cucurbitaceae) Zingiber ofcinale (Zingiberaceae) Oroxylum indicum (Bignoniaceae) Bruises Piper betle (Piperaceae) Bryophyllum pinnatum (Crassulaceae) Plumeria rubra (Apocynaceae) Curcuma longa (Zingiberaceae) Ricinus communis (Euphorbiaceae) Bumps Semecarpus anacardium (Anacardiaceae) Aegle marmelos (Rutaceae) Terminalia bellirica (Combretaceae) Azadirachta indica (Meliaceae) Terminalia citrina (Combretaceae) Barleria prionitis (Acanthaceae) Trichosanthes tricuspidata (Cucurbitaceae) Butea monosperma (Fabaceae) Vitex trifolia (Lamiaceae) Calotropis procera (Apocynaceae) Zingiber ofcinale (Zingiberaceae) Citrus limon (Rutaceae) -sluggish Convolvulus arvensis (Convolvulaceae) Foeniculum vulgare (Apiaceae) Mirabilis jalapa (Nyctaginaceae) Brain Burning sensation Vitex trifolia (Lamiaceae) Cyperus scariosus (Cyperaceae) Breasts Ipomoea aquatica (Convolvulaceae) -drooping Burns Urena lobata (Malvaceae) Bryophyllum pinnatum (Crassulaceae) -problems Cascabela thevetia (Apocynaceae) Ficus religiosa (Moraceae) Eclipta prostrata (Asteraceae) Breathing Eucalyptus globulus (Myrtaceae) -clear passages Ficus religiosa (Moraceae) Acalypha indica (Euphorbiaceae) Gossypium barbadense (Malvaceae) The medicinal crops of Myanmar 309 Gossypium hirsutum (Malvaceae) Chest Ipomoea aquatica (Convolvulaceae) Acacia catechu (Fabaceae) Phyllanthus emblica (Phyllanthaceae) Rauvolfa serpentina (Apocynaceae) Rotheca serrata (Lamiaceae) Zingiber ofcinale (Zingiberaceae) Santalum album (Santalaceae) Ziziphus jujuba (Rhamnaceae) Terminalia citrina (Combretaceae) Chickenpox Trachyspermum ammi (Apiaceae) Eclipta prostrata (Asteraceae) Tradescantia spathacea (Commelinaceae) Childbirth -mouth Amaranthus spinosus (Amaranthaceae) Morinda angustifolia (Rubiaceae) Aquilaria malaccensis (Tymelaeaceae) Mimusops elengi (Sapotaceae) Aristolochia indica (Aristolochiaceae) Cancer Basella alba (Basellaceae) -pores and skin Cratoxylum formosum (Hypericaceae) Nerium oleander (Apocynaceae) Euphorbia hirta (Euphorbiaceae) -stomach Gloriosa superba (Colchicaceae) Moringa oleifera (Moringaceae) Leucaena leucocephala (Fabaceae) -throat Momordica cochinchinensis (Cucurbitaceae) Plumbago indica (Plumbaginaceae) Premna amplectens (Lamiaceae) Carminative Premna mollissima (Lamiaceae) Anethum graveolens (Apiaceae) Ricinus communis (Euphorbiaceae) Aquilaria malaccensis (Tymelaeaceae) Triumfetta rhomboidea (Malvaceae) Ardisia humilis (Primulaceae) Vitex trifolia (Lamiaceae) Clausena excavata (Rutaceae) Volkameria inermis (Lamiaceae) Cymbopogon nardus (Poaceae) Chills Limonia acidissima (Rutaceae) Cardiospermum halicacabum (Sapindaceae) Nigella sativa (Ranunculaceae) Momordica charantia (Cucurbitaceae) Ocimum tenuiforum (Lamiaceae) Cholagogue. Premna serratifolia (Lamiaceae) Tinospora cordifolia (Menispermaceae) Rauvolfa serpentina (Apocynaceae) Cholera Salvia ofcinalis (Lamiaceae) Artabotrys hexapetalus (Annonaceae) Selinum wallichianum (Apiaceae) Bryophyllum pinnatum (Crassulaceae) Solanum anguivi (Solanaceae) Calotropis procera (Apocynaceae) Syzygium aromaticum (Myrtaceae) Capparis zeylanica (Capparaceae) Terminalia chebula (Combretaceae) Cymbopogon citratus (Poaceae) Zingiber zerumbet (Zingiberaceae) Holarrhena pubescens (Apocynaceae) Cataracts Momordica charantia (Cucurbitaceae) Cardiospermum halicacabum (Sapindaceae) Mucuna pruriens (Fabaceae) Clitoria ternatea (Fabaceae) Myristica fragrans (Myristicaceae) Strychnos potatorum (Loganiaceae) Oroxylum indicum (Bignoniaceae) Syzygium aromaticum (Myrtaceae) Tamarindus indica (Fabaceae) Catarrh Xylocarpus granatum (Meliaceae) Cordia dichotoma (Boraginaceae) Xylocarpus moluccensis (Meliaceae) -bladder Zingiber ofcinale (Zingiberaceae) Cardiospermum halicacabum (Sapindaceae) Chronic diseases -urinary tract Trichosanthes tricuspidata (Cucurbitaceae) Cardiospermum halicacabum (Sapindaceae) Circulation Cathartic.

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She watched the resident dutifully take a look at his watch purchase ritonavir with mastercard medications that raise blood sugar, going in at exactly thirty seconds to five oclock order ritonavir with american express symptoms migraine, not realizing he was being watched by Ta hoe best buy for ritonavir treatment quotes and sayings. But one shouldnt be the first to cast stones on this poor 250 mg ritonavir visa treatment norovirus, moonlight ing boy because most medical doctors, exterior of emergency physicians and pediatricians, never see five-yr-olds in misery, not to mention in a full respiratory arrest. They certainly know enough not to immerse themselves into a quagmire, especially if theres the potential of relieving one of Lyles Pontius Pilate Professors, somebody who would possibly quickly wash their arms of the matter, leaving the childs blood on their arms. Tahoe was merely getting somewhat glimpse from the guide of Revelations, emergency medication type, and when she completed her story, the shocked Mahoney stared in disbelief. Steinerman, Eileen, and Annie arrived first at the Steinerman home maintain for the holiday dinner. While everybody exchanged pleasantries, Doctor and Steinerman immediately started their ritualistic dis agreement on some side of medical care. The debate never started until Doctors first born arrived, Doctor Steinerman knowing ex actly the proper buttons to push. Eileen and you dont bear in mind the days after we had whole hospi tals with nothing however kids with rheumatic fever from untreated strep throats. Theyre accusing us old timers at present of the indiscriminate use of antibiotics, however give it some thought, we worn out rheumatic fever, those horrible draining mastoid infections you dont see anymore, and the bronchiectasis you kids solely read about at present in Harrisons textbook. Eileen had visited the Steinermans a number of occasions, and all in all, she did agree with Doctor Steinerman on two occasions, and had one break up determination. This was no old idiot talking, however a thinker, although a contrarian thinker, never saying anything he hadnt reviewed in his cerebrum at some size. Uncle Hershel, Doctor Steinermans brother, had simply arrived from New York City along with aunts, cousins, and seconds removed of every. Uncle Hershel was unmitigatedly joyous to see his favourite nephew Abe, and was ecstatic with the gloriously lovely Eileen Chen, diving into the dialog, yacking as onerous as he could at the good Steinerman and Eileen. Doctor Steinerman presided over the day, maintaining a small ele ment of crowd management. Uncle Hershel rose with obvious apprehension when Philip Ma honey and Tahoe, youngster in tow, entered the celebration. Uncle Hershel had used his Massachusetts Bar very often throughout Philip Mahoneys adolescence, actually studying for the Pennsylvania Bar when Mahoney was admitted to the now defunct Hershey Medical Schools emergency medication residency program. Uncle Hershel greeted the prodigal Mahoney by the hand because the grateful Philip, filled with remembrances of misdemeanors previous, hugged his Uncle Hershel, introducing him proudly to Tahoe and their new child. Uncle Hershel noticed the felonious look in the babys blue-inexperienced eyes the Rape of Emergency Medicine Page 262 recombinated from the genomes of their wild at coronary heart mother and father, and questioned about buying some books on juvenile regulation. There was a short, a very short, remembrance of Grandfather Stein erman earlier than dinner started. Grandfather Steinerman had all the time begun vacation dinners with the query to Doctor Steinerman and Steinerman, What concerning the knifefl The meal commenced, and Uncle Hershel grew to become quite confused at his nephews mastery of contract regulation. He bantered back and forth, however Abraham appeared to know the distinctions of provides, considera tion, and restrictive covenants. He looked at the deceptively brilliant Mahoney, however found him fully befuddled as to the fundamentals of contract regulation or any other side of regulation. Uncle Hershel had wanted Steinerman to go to regulation faculty, however Steinerman never had the incli nation. He turned to Eileen who had the obvious aptitude, however once more, no inclination and definitely no mastery of even the fundamentals. Well, mentioned Un cle Hershel, I simply went to a gathering of the New York Bar Associa tion, however I dont bear in mind any lectures on congenital coronary heart disease. He then looked at his aunts, cousins, and father whereas everybody looked for an explana tion. Ive been attending the formally-sponsored conferences of the American Academy for the previous yr, and thats where Ive picked up all this regulation, especially contract regulation. The national conferences centered on high quality assurance, market diversification, torts, the crises of the nonexistent malpractice crises, and above all, the noncompete clause. Steinerman muddled on, talking of varied forms of threat handle ment, and a considerably confused concept of negligence. If the affected person removes the splint, the affected person would then have contributed to his personal negli gence if the wrist was indeed fractured. Blind splinting permits time for the radiologist to overread the x-ray the following day if I misinterpret the film. I can then call the affected person, fulfilling my duty of follow-up, and wont be the proximate explanation for any damages the affected person would possibly sus tain afterwards. The Rape of Emergency Medicine Page 264 Eileen was considerably stunned as well, turning to Steinerman, You know, darling, I could teach you in a number of afternoons. Eileen added, It does seem like a roundabout method to do things, to apply medication, and do this threat-management thing. Risk management comes after the� Risk towards what, the kid growing a worse injuryfl Everyone sensed the inexplicable, illogic of this topsy-turvy reason ing, however the Tower of Babel Steinerman continued to babble on, misusing phrases and expressions like duty, the prudent physi cian, due diligence, and hospitals cant run and conceal, whereas Uncle Hershel grew to become hotter and hotter, lastly having a mini explosion when Steinerman mentioned res ipsa loquitor. Steinerman withdrew and have become melancholic, pondering of Night ingale, his spouse and their two youngsters, a fatherless household he could the Rape of Emergency Medicine Page 265 have prevented. He looked at Mahoney, busy eating, and remembered Mahoney had advised him emergency medication was differ ent.